Draft:Early Roman Empire


The Roman Empire at its height, around 120 A.D.

The Early Empire, along with the Late Empire, constitutes one of the two historiographical divisions of the Roman Empire as seen by French historians.[1] These terms are widely used concepts, though their chronological boundaries are not unanimously agreed upon. The term refers to the first period of the Roman Empire, beginning in 27 BCE with the principate of Augustus and including the idealized reign of the Antonines.[2]

The High Empire ended with the onset of the Late Empire, the exact date of which varies according to different authors. Some suggest the end of the Antonine dynasty (192 CE), others the overthrow of the Severan dynasty (235 CE), and still others the beginning of Diocletian’s reign (284–305 CE).[3]

After his victory at Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian became the sole ruler of the empire but refused the title of king. Following a well-prepared scenario, he even pretended to abdicate in 27 BCE.[4] The Senate then bestowed upon him the title of Augustus, meaning “blessed.” While allowing the traditional magistracies and Senate to continue, he concentrated all power in his own hands. His successors, the Julio-Claudian, Flavian, and Antonine emperors, led the Roman Empire to its height. In the 2nd century, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent and had a population of between 50 and 80 million. With a population of one million, Rome was the largest city in the Mediterranean world.[5]

  1. ^ Garnsey; Saller, Peter; Richard (1987). The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. University of California Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-0520285989.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Ando, Clifford (2000). Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. University of California Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0520220676.
  3. ^ Potter, David S (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180-395. Routledge. pp. 15–18. ISBN 978-0415840552.
  4. ^ Syme, Ronald (1939). The Roman Revolution. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–125. ISBN 978-0192803207.
  5. ^ Galinsky, Karl (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-0521744423.