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 Chart of Peru's total catch of fish, including aquaculture, from 1960 to 2021 | |
| General characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Coastline | 2,414 km (1,500 mi)[1] |
| EEZ area | 857,000 km2 (331,000 sq mi)[2] |
| Lake area | 5,220 km2 (2,020 sq mi)[1] |
| Land area | 1,279,996 km2 (494,209 sq mi)[1] |
| MPA area | 66,311 km2 (25,603 sq mi) *designated, only about 3,970 km2 (1,530 sq mi) fully implemented/protected[3] |
| Employment | Between 160,000 and 232,000 (2013)[4][5] |
| Fishing fleet | Large-scale: 661 Small-scale: 9,667 (2010)[6] |
| Consumption | 21.4 kg (47 lb) fish per capita (2007)[6] |
| Fisheries GDP | US$473 million (2006)[6] |
| Export value | US$2.335 billion (2008)[6] |
| Import value | US$60.6 million (2008)[6] |
| Harvest | |
| Wild inland | 43,000 tonnes (47,000 tons) (2007)[6] |
| Aquaculture total | 43,000 tonnes (47,000 tons) (2008)[6] |
| Fish total | 7,353,000 tonnes (8,105,000 tons) (2008)[6] |
Fishing in Peru has existed for thousands of years, first beginning with small fishing communities who lived off the sea.[7] By the 1400s, these communities became organized under the Inca Empire, and they developed, or had already developed, economic specialization.[8]
Fishing and fisheries did not develop economically until post-World War II.[9] Economic development came as a result of the developing fishmeal industry, which largely depended on fishing Peruvian anchovetas. The industry led to the economy booming and growing and becoming the largest single-species fishery in the world; however, the industry collapsed in the 1970s as a result of the 1972 Peruvian anchoveta crisis, triggered primarily by overfishing and by an El Niño event.[10]
A state-owned corporation, Pesca Perú, was created to take over the commercial fishing industry after its collapse. The corporation would continue its control over the industry until reprivatization efforts emerged in 1991 and concluded in 1998. However, another El Niño event in 1998 crashed landings again and even caused many to go bankrupt due to the shortage of landings.[11]
Peru continues fishing as a major sector. In 2008, the sector fished over 7.3 million tonnes of aquatic resources, from both the Pacific Ocean and from inland waters.[12] Most recently in 2021, the sector fished over 6.7 million tonnes of aquatic resources.[13] It is also the largest fishmeal producer, surpassing the EU's production by over 50,000 tonnes in 2018.[14] Aquaculture is another industry that has seen major development and growth in recent years, expanding from just about 6,500 tonnes in 2000 to over 150,000 tonnes in 2021.[15] Overall, the fishing industry in Peru is a major source of employment, providing over 121,000 with jobs in 1999, over 145,000 in 2007, somewhere between 160,000 and 232,000 jobs in 2013, and up to 700,000 jobs in 2021, as stated by The Economist.[16]
Several governmental and non-profit organizations also exist that partake a great role in the Peruvian fishing industry, whether through creating and enforcing regulations, funding projects and programs, collecting data, and more.
- ^ a b c CIA: [1]
- ^ UBC Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries: [2]
- ^ MPAtlas: [3]
- ^ OECD: [4]
- ^ Lenfest Ocean Program: [5]
- ^ a b c d e f g h FAO: [6]
- ^ "5,000 Years of Riding Waves || history of surfing in Peru". www.historiadelatablaenperu.com. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ Marcus, Joyce; Sommer, Jeffrey D.; Glew, Christopher P. (1999-05-25). "Fish and mammals in the economy of an ancient Peruvian kingdom". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (11): 6564–6570. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.6564M. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6564. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 26922. PMID 10339628.
- ^ Horna, Hernan (1968). "The Fish Industry of Peru". The Journal of Developing Areas. 2 (3): 393–406. ISSN 0022-037X. JSTOR 4189485.
- ^ "PFEL-Collapse of Anchovy Fisheries and the Expansion of Sardines In Upwelling Regions". upwell.pfeg.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:14was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "National fisheries sector overview - Peru" (PDF). FAO. 2010-05-01. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Total fisheries production (metric tons) - Peru". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ "Increased agricultural exports and production drive GDP growth in Peru". Oxford Business Group. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:5was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Peru ponders: whose fish are they anyway?". The Economist. 2021-05-06. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-03-27.