Dutch New Guinea

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Dutch New Guinea Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea
1949–1962
Flag of the Netherlands Morning Star flag (1961–1962) Coat of arms (1961–1962)
Motto: Setia, Djudjur, Mesra  (Indonesian) Pius, Honestus, Amica  (Latin) "Loyal, Honest, Affectionate"
Anthem: "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe" (Dutch) (English: "William of Nassau") Hai Tanahku Papua (Indonesian) (English: "Oh My Land Papua")
Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea
Status	Colony of the Netherlands (1949–1954) Overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954–1962)
Capital	Hollandia
Common languages	Dutch Papuan Malay Papuan languages Austronesian languages
Religion	Christianity Animism (folk / ethnic)
Government	Colonial administration
Monarch
• 1949–1962	Juliana
Governor
• 1950–1953 (first)	Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg
• 1958–1962 (last)	Pieter Johannes Platteel
Historical era	Cold War
• Established	27 December 1949
• Disestablished	1 October 1962
Area
• Total	421,981 km2 (162,928 sq mi)
Population
• 1955	321,000
Currency	NNG gulden
Preceded by Succeeded by Dutch East Indies Great East United Nations Administered West New Guinea
Today part of	Indonesia (claimed by the Republic of West Papua)

Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Indonesia's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.

During the Indonesian Revolution, the Dutch launched politionele acties to capture territory from the Indonesian Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch had drawn international disapproval. With international opinion shifting towards support of the Indonesian Republic, the Dutch managed in 1949 to negotiate for the separation of Dutch New Guinea from the broader Indonesian settlement, with the fate of the disputed territory to be decided by the close of 1950. However, the Dutch in coming years were able to argue successfully at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Indonesia and thus should not be absorbed into the Indonesian state.

In contrast, the Indonesian Republic, as successor state to the Netherlands East Indies, claimed Dutch New Guinea as part of its natural territorial bounds. The dispute over New Guinea was an important factor in the quick decline in bilateral relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia after Indonesian independence. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a New Guinea Council.

Following the Vlakke Hoek incident, Indonesia launched a campaign of infiltrations designed to place pressure on the Dutch. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a referendum to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date. The territory was administered by the UN temporarily before being transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963. A plebiscite, the Act of Free Choice, was eventually held in 1969, but the fairness of the election is disputed.