Dzungar Khanate

Dzungar Khanate
1634–1758
Dzungar Khanate in the early 18th century[1][2]
Status	Nomadic empire
Capital	Ghulja[3]
Common languages	Oirat, Chagatai[4]
Religion	Tibetan Buddhism
Government	Monarchy
Khan or Khong Tayiji
• 1632-1653	Erdeni Batur (first)
• 1671-1697	Galdan Boshugtu Khan
• 1745-1750	Tsewang Dorji Namjal
Legislature	Customary rules Mongol-Oirat Code of 1640
Historical era	Early modern period
• Established	1634
• 1619	The first Russian record of Khara Khula
• 1676	Galdan receives the title of Boshogtu khan from the 5th Dalai Lama
• 1688	The Dzungar invasion of the Khalkha
• 1690	Beginning of the Dzungar–Qing War, Battle of Ulan Butung
• 1755–1758	Qing army occupation of Dzungaria and genocide
• Disestablished	1758
Area
1650[5]	3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)
Population
• [6]	600,000
Currency	pūl (a red copper coin)
Preceded by Succeeded by Four Oirats Chagatai Khanate Khoshut Khanate Qing dynasty

The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south, and from the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang, also called Dzungaria.

About 1620 the western Mongols, known as the Oirats, united in the Junggar Basin in Dzungaria. In 1678, Galdan received from the Dalai Lama the title of Boshogtu Khan, making the Dzungars the leading tribe within the Oirats. The Dzungar rulers used the title of Khong Tayiji, which translates into English as "crown prince".^[7] Between 1680 and 1688, the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin, which is now southern Xinjiang, and defeated the Khalkha Mongols to the east. In 1696, Galdan was defeated by the Qing dynasty and lost Outer Mongolia. In 1717, the Dzungars conquered Tibet, but were driven out in 1720 by the Qing. From 1755 to 1758, Qing China took advantage of a Dzungar civil war to conquer Dzungaria and killed 70-80% of the Dzungar population.^[8] The destruction of the Dzungars led to the Qing conquest of Mongolia, Tibet, and the creation of Xinjiang as a political administrative unit.