Ecological indicators are used to communicate information about ecosystems and the impact human activity has on ecosystems to groups such as the public or government policy makers. Ecosystems are complex and ecological indicators can help describe them in simpler terms that can be understood and used by non-scientists to make management decisions. For example, the number of different beetle taxa found in a field can be used as an indicator of biodiversity.[1][2][3]
Many different types of indicators have been developed. They can be used to reflect a variety of aspects of ecosystems, including biological, chemical and physical. Due to this variety, the development and selection of ecological indicators is a complex process.[4]
Using ecological indicators is a pragmatic approach since direct documentation of changes in ecosystems as related to management measures, is cost and time intensive.[5][6] For example, it would be expensive and time-consuming to count every bird, plant and animal in a newly restored wetland to see if the restoration was a success. Instead, a few indicator species can be monitored to determine the success of the restoration.
The terms ecological indicator and environmental indicator are often used interchangeably. However, ecological indicators are actually a sub-set of environmental indicators. Generally, environmental indicators provide information on pressures on the environment, environmental conditions and societal responses. Ecological indicators refer only to ecological processes; however, sustainability indicators are seen as increasingly important for managing humanity's coupled human-environmental systems.[1]
The Marine Ecosystem
Marine ecosystem status and functioning are influenced by various anthropogenic and environmental stressors that necessitate ecosystem-based, integrative approaches to fisheries management. Ecological indicators play an important role in evaluating policy regarding the environment.[2] A large number of ecological indicators have been documented and reported worldwide, and an increasing number of studies has been conducted to assess the properties of ecological indicators and determine how they should be selected for assisting fisheries management.[2] We contrasted the sensitivity of indicators to fishing and primary productivity, by looking at indicators' response to directional change in fishing pressure and to directional change in primary productivity separately. For all ecosystems except the Black Sea, the Southern Catalan Sea and, to some extent, the Southeastern Australia, the cumulative importance shifts (in R2f unit) of the indicator B/C in response to fishing pressure were high even under the lowest fishing levels.[2] It was concluded that the performance of biomass indicators for evaluating fishing impacts was low, but was high and better suited for assessing the impacts of changes in primary productivity on ecosystem status.[2]
Human Effects
Building construction is one of the largest final consumers of environmental resources as well as one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gas and other pollution.[3] Green building construction constitutes one of the most important elements in sustainable building requirement. Energy and global warming issues have spurred rapid development of green building construction. It is significant to get a thorough understanding of green building construction, especially for strengthening current energy and environmental policies.[3]
Indicators contribute to evaluation of policy development by:[8]
Based on the United Nations convention to combat desertification and convention for biodiversity, indicators are planned to be built in order to evaluate the evolution of the factors. For instance, for the CCD, the Unesco-funded Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS) has created the Réseau d'Observatoires du Sahara et du Sahel (ROSELT) (website [9][permanent dead link]) as a network of cross-Saharan observatories to establish ecological indicators.[citation needed]