Elbridge Gerry | |
|---|---|
 1861 portrait | |
| 5th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 | |
| President | James Madison |
| Preceded by | George Clinton |
| Succeeded by | Daniel D. Tompkins |
| 9th Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office June 10, 1810 – June 5, 1812 | |
| Lieutenant | William Gray |
| Preceded by | Christopher Gore |
| Succeeded by | Caleb Strong |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 3rd district | |
| In office March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Shearjashub Bourne Peleg Coffin Jr. |
| Member of the Congress of the Confederation from Massachusetts | |
| In office June 30, 1783 – September 1785 | |
| Member of the Continental Congress from Massachusetts | |
| In office February 9, 1776 – February 19, 1780 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 17, 1744 Marblehead, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America |
| Died | November 23, 1814 (aged 70) Washington, District of Columbia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Congressional Cemetery (Washington, D.C.) |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 10, including Thomas Russell Gerry |
| Education | Harvard College (BA, MA) |
| Signature |  |
Elbridge Gerry (/ˈɡɛri/ GHERR-ee; July 17, 1744 – November 23, 1814) was an American Founding Father, merchant, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death in 1814.[1] He is known to be the father and namesake of the political practice of gerrymandering.[2]
Born into a wealthy merchant family, Gerry vocally opposed British colonial policy in the 1760s and was active in the early stages of organizing the resistance in the American Revolutionary War. Elected to the Second Continental Congress, Gerry signed both the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation.[3] He was one of three men who attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787, but refused to sign the Constitution because originally it did not include a Bill of Rights. After its ratification, he was elected to the inaugural United States Congress, where he was actively involved in the drafting and passage of the Bill of Rights as an advocate of individual and state liberties.
Gerry was at first opposed to the idea of political parties and cultivated enduring friendships on both sides of the political divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. He was a member of a diplomatic delegation to France that was treated poorly in the XYZ Affair, in which Federalists held him responsible for a breakdown in negotiations. Gerry thereafter became a Democratic-Republican, running unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts several times before winning the office in 1810. During his second term, the legislature approved new state senate districts that led to the coining of the word "gerrymander"; he lost the next election, although the state senate remained Democratic-Republican.
Gerry was nominated by the Democratic-Republican party and elected as vice president in the 1812 election. Advanced in age and in poor health, Gerry served 21 months of his term before dying in office. Gerry is the only signatory of the Declaration of Independence to be buried in Washington, D.C.
- ^ Bernstein, Richard B. (2011) [2009]. "Appendix: The Founding Fathers: A Partial List". The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199832576.
- ^ Bischoff, Manon. "Geometry Reveals the Tricks behind Gerrymandering". Scientific American. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ^ "The Signers". harvard.edu. Declaration Resources Project, Harvard University. Retrieved February 9, 2023.