Election forensics

Election forensics are methods used to determine if election results are statistically normal or statistically abnormal, which can indicate electoral fraud.[1] It uses statistical tools to determine if observed election results differ from normally occurring patterns.[2] These tools can be relatively simple, such as looking at the frequency of integers and using 2nd Digit Benford's law,[3] or can be more complex and involve machine learning techniques.

  1. ^ Stewart, Charles (2011). "Voting Technologies". Annual Review of Political Science. 14: 353–378. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.053007.145205.
  2. ^ Hicken, Allen; Mebane, Walter R. (2017). A Guide to Elections Forensics (PDF) (Report). University of Michigan Center for Political Studies.
  3. ^ Mebane, Walter Jr (2006). Election Forensics: The Second-digit Benford's Law Test and Recent American Presidential Elections (PDF) (Report). Cornell.