Electron holography

Electron holography is holography with electron matter waves. It was invented by Dennis Gabor in 1948 when he tried to improve image resolution in electron microscope.[1] The first attempts to perform holography with electron waves were made by Haine and Mulvey in 1952;[2] they recorded holograms of zinc oxide crystals with 60 keV electrons, demonstrating reconstructions with approximately 1 nm resolution. In 1955, G. Möllenstedt and H. Düker[3] invented an electron biprism, thus enabling the recording of electron holograms in off-axis scheme. There are many different possible configurations for electron holography, with more than 20 documented in 1992 by Cowley.[4] Usually, high spatial and temporal coherence (i.e. a low energy spread) of the electron beam are required to perform holographic measurements.

  1. ^ Gabor, D. (1948). "A New Microscopic Principle". Nature. 161 (4098). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 777–778. doi:10.1038/161777a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  2. ^ Haine, M. E.; Mulvey, T. (1952-10-01). "The Formation of the Diffraction Image with Electrons in the Gabor Diffraction Microscope". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 42 (10). The Optical Society: 763. doi:10.1364/josa.42.000763. ISSN 0030-3941.
  3. ^ Möllenstedt, G.; Düker, H. (1956). "Beobachtungen und Messungen an Biprisma-Interferenzen mit Elektronenwellen". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 145 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 377–397. doi:10.1007/bf01326780. ISSN 1434-6001.
  4. ^ Cowley, J.M. (1992). "Twenty forms of electron holography". Ultramicroscopy. 41 (4). Elsevier BV: 335–348. doi:10.1016/0304-3991(92)90213-4. ISSN 0304-3991.