Emiran

Emiran culture
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Emiran and contemporary cultures c. 50,000-40,000 BP
Geographical rangeLevant, Arabia
PeriodUpper Paleolithic
Datesabout 60,000–40,000 cal B.P.[1][2]
Preceded byMousterian, Aterian
Followed byBohunician, Ahmarian, Levantine Aurignacian
Expansion of early modern humans from Africa through the Levant.
The Paleolithic
↑ Pliocene (before Homo)
Lower Paleolithic
 (c. 3.3 Ma – 300 ka)
Middle Paleolithic
 (c. 300–50 ka)
Upper Paleolithic
 (c. 50–12 ka)

Fertile Crescent:

Europe:

Africa:

Siberia:

↓ Mesolithic

Emiran culture was a culture that existed in the Levant (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Arabia) between the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Paleolithic periods. It is the oldest known of the Upper Paleolithic cultures and remains an enigma as it transitionally has no clear African progenitor.[3] This has led some scholars to conclude that the Emiran is indigenous to the Levant.[4] However, some argue that it reflects broader technological trends observed earlier in North Africa, at older sites like Taramsa 1 in Egypt, "which contains modern human remains dated to 75,000 years ago".[5]

  1. ^ Rose, Jeffrey I.; Marks, Anthony E. (2014). ""Out of Arabia" and the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Southern Levant". Quartär. 61: 49–85. doi:10.7485/qu61_03.
  2. ^ Bosch, Marjolein D. (April 30, 2015). "New chronology for Ksâr 'Akil (Lebanon) supports Levantine route of modern human dispersal into Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (25): 7683–7688. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7683B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1501529112. PMC 4485136. PMID 26034284.
  3. ^ Marks, Anthony; Rose, Jeff. "Through a prism of paradigms: a century of research into the origins of the Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant". In "Modes de contacts et de déplacements au Paléolithique Eurasiatique" – via www.academia.edu.
  4. ^ Douka, Katerina (2013). "Exploring "the great wilderness of prehistory": The chronology of the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic transition in the northern Levant". Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte. 22: 11–40 – via www.academia.edu.
  5. ^ Hoffecker, John (2009). "The spread of modern humans in Europe". PNAS. 106 (38): 16040–16045. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903446106. PMC 2752585. PMID 19571003.