Energy density Extended Reference Table

This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter 89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion 576,000,000[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope 144,000,000[1] 1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor 86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor 3,456,000 35%
Pu-238 α-decay 2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer 1,326,000 17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor 443,000 35%
Ta-180m isomer 41,340 689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) 216[2]
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate) 33.0
Beryllium + Oxygen 23.9[3]
Lithium + Fluorine 23.75[citation needed]
Octaazacubane potential explosive 22.9[4]
Hydrogen + Oxygen 13.4[5]
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline 13.3[citation needed]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[citation needed] 9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive 8.5[6] 16.9[7]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[citation needed] 8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] 8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed] 7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive 7[8]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] 6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed] 6.9 12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed[citation needed] 6.6
Nitroglycerin 6.38[9] 10.2[10]
ANFO-ANNM[citation needed] 6.26
battery, Lithium–air 6.12
Octogen (HMX) 5.7[9] 10.8[11]
TNT[12] 4.610 6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed] 4.13 20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) 4.00 18.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) 2.7 3.8
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire 2.54 29 95%[clarification needed][13]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[14] 2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C[citation needed][clarification needed] 1.968 0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator [clarification needed] 1.9 30
battery, Lithium–Sulfur[15] 1.80[16] 1.26
battery, Fluoride-ion [citation needed] 1.7 2.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[17] 1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6 1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.4 2.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt 1[citation needed] 98%[18]
Molecular spring approximate[citation needed] 1
battery, Lithium–Manganese[19][20] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
battery, Sodium–Sulfur 0.72[21] 1.23[citation needed] 85%[22]
battery, Lithium-ion[23][24] 0.46-0.72 0.83-3.6[25] 95%[26]
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature 0.56
battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design[19][23] 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
battery, Silver-oxide[19] 0.47 1.8
Flywheel 0.36-0.5[27][28]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density[clarification needed] 0.4 3.2
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29] 0.4 1.55
Liquid Nitrogen 0.349
Water – Enthalpy of Fusion 0.334 0.334
battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr)[30] 0.27
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars[31] 0.250 0.493
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)[23] 0.14 1.08 80%[26]
battery, Zinc–Carbon[23] 0.13 0.331
battery, Lead–acid[23] 0.14 0.36
battery, Vanadium redox 0.09[citation needed] 0.1188 7070-75%
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox 0.18 0.252 80%–90%[32]
Capacitor Ultracapacitor 0.0199[33] 0.050[citation needed]
Capacitor Supercapacitor 0.01[citation needed] 80%–98.5%[34] 39%–70%[34]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0 0.008[35] >95%
Capacitor 0.002[36]
Neodymium magnet 0.003[37]
Ferrite magnet 0.0003[37]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring 0.0003[38] 0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
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