Euromaidan

Not to be confused with Revolution of Dignity on the Maidan in the following year.
For the news website, see Euromaidan Press.

Euromaidan
Clockwise from top left: A large European flag is waved across Maidan on 27 November 2013; opposition activist and popular singer Ruslana addresses the crowds on Maidan on 29 November 2013; Euromaidan on European Square on 1 December; plinth of the toppled Lenin statue; crowds direct hose at militsiya; tree decorated with flags and posters.
Date21 November 2013 (2013-11-21) – 22 February 2014 (3 months and 1 day)
Location
Ukraine, primarily Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kyiv
Caused by
Main catalyst:
Other factors:
Goals
MethodsDemonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, hacktivism,[11] occupation of administrative buildings[nb 1]
Resulted in
Full results
Parties

Government of Ukraine

Pro-government groups

Parties

Supported by:

 Russia
Lead figures
Number

Kyiv:
400,000–800,000 protesters[60]
12,000 "self-defense sotnia"[61][62]

Across Ukraine:
50,000 (Lviv)[63]
20,000 (Cherkasy)[64]
10,000+ (Ternopil)[65]
other cities and towns

Law enforcement in Kyiv:

  • 4,000 Berkut
  • 1,000 Internal Troops

3,000–4,000 titushky[66]
Pro-government/anti-EU demonstrations:
20,000–60,000 (Kyiv)
40,000 (Kharkiv)[67]
15,000 (Donetsk)[68]
10,000 (Simferopol)[69]

2,500 pro-Russia (Sevastopol)[70]
Casualties and losses
  • Died: 108[71]
  • Injured: 1,850–1,900 (sought medical help as of 21 January 2014)[72]
    681 (hospitalised as of 30 January 2014)[73][74]
  • Missing (probably abducted): 166–300[75][76] (as of 30 March 2014)
  • Arrested: 234[77]
  • Imprisoned: 140[77]
  • ...further details
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Euromaidan (/ˌjʊərəmaɪˈdɑːn, ˌjʊəroʊ-/ YOOR-oh-my-DAHN;[82][83] Ukrainian: Євромайдан, romanized: Yevromaidan, IPA: [ˌjɛu̯romɐjˈdɑn], lit. 'Euro Square'),[nb 6] or the Maidan Uprising,[87] was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on 21 November 2013 with large protests in Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) in Kyiv. The protests were sparked by President Viktor Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Ukraine's parliament had overwhelmingly approved of finalizing the Agreement with the EU,[88] but Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject it.[89] The scope of the protests widened, with calls for the resignation of Yanukovych and the Azarov government.[90] Protesters opposed what they saw as widespread government corruption, abuse of power, human rights violations,[91] and the influence of oligarchs.[92] Transparency International named Yanukovych as the top example of corruption in the world.[93] The violent dispersal of protesters on 30 November caused further anger.[5] Euromaidan was the largest democratic mass movement in Europe since 1989[94] and led to the 2014 Revolution of Dignity.

During the uprising, Independence Square (Maidan) in Kyiv was a huge protest camp occupied by thousands of protesters and protected by makeshift barricades. It had kitchens, first aid posts and broadcasting facilities, as well as stages for speeches, lectures, debates and performances.[95][96] It was guarded by 'Maidan Self-Defense' units made up of volunteers in improvised uniform and helmets, carrying shields and armed with sticks, stones and petrol bombs. Protests were also held in many other parts of Ukraine. In Kyiv, there were clashes with police on 1 December; and police assaulted the camp on 11 December. Protests increased from mid-January, in response to the government introducing draconian anti-protest laws. There were deadly clashes on Hrushevsky Street on 19–22 January. Protesters then occupied government buildings in many regions of Ukraine. The uprising climaxed on 18–20 February, when fierce fighting in Kyiv between Maidan activists and police resulted in the deaths of almost 100 protesters and 13 police.[71]

As a result, Yanukovych and the parliamentary opposition signed an agreement on 21 February to bring about an interim unity government, constitutional reforms and early elections. Police abandoned central Kyiv that afternoon, then Yanukovych and other government ministers fled the city that evening.[97] The next day, parliament removed Yanukovych from office[98] and installed an interim government.[99] The Revolution of Dignity was soon followed by the Russian annexation of Crimea and pro-Russian unrest in Eastern Ukraine, eventually escalating into the Russo-Ukrainian War.

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