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The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (lit. 'Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx of the Councils of the National Syndicalist Offensive'; FET y de las JONS),[32] frequently shortened to just "FET",[33] was the sole legal party of the Francoist regime in Spain. It was created by General Francisco Franco in 1937 as a merger of the fascist Falange Española de las JONS (FE de las JONS) with the monarchist neo-absolutist and integralist Catholic Traditionalist Communion belonging to the Carlist movement.[34] In addition to the resemblance of names, the party formally retained most of the platform of FE de las JONS (26 out of 27 points) and a similar inner structure.[35] In force until April 1977, it was rebranded as the Movimiento Nacional in 1958.[36]
- ^ Payne 2011, p. 446.
- ^ "Real Decreto 1607/1976, de 7 de julio, por el que que se nombran los Ministros del Gobierno" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (163). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 13385. 8 July 1976. ISSN 0212-033X.
- ^ "Real Decreto-ley 23/1977, de 1 de abril, sobre reestructuración de los órganos dependientes del Consejo Nacional y nuevo régimen jurídico de las Asociaciones, funcionarios y patrimonio del Movimiento" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (83). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 7768–7770. 7 April 1977. ISSN 0212-033X.
- ^ "El yugo y las flechas de Alcalá 44, desmontados" [The yoke and arrows of Alcalá 44, dismantled]. El País (in Spanish). 10 April 1977.
- ^ Watkins, Jacob Fox (2014). "Not Just "Franco 's Spain" - The Spanish Political Landscape During Re-Emergence through the Pact of Madrid". Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies. 39 (1). Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ^ Payne 1987, p. 238.
- ^ Payne 1999, p. 459.
- ^ Payne 1999, pp. 77–102.
- ^ see e.g. González Cuevas 2008, pp. 1170–1171, Rodríguez Núñez 2013, Heleno Saña, Historia de la filosófia española, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788496710986, p. 255 and onwards, in popular discourse Pradera is "one of the icons and pilars of Francoism", see ABC 25.10.04, available here
- ^ Gonzalo Redondo Galvez, Política, cultura y sociedad en la España de Franco, 1939–1975, vol. 1, Pamplona 1999, ISBN 8431317132; according to the author, "el authoritarismo franquista no fue de signo fascista sino tradicionalista", according to another, "el authoritarismo franquista no fue de signo fascista sino tradicionalista", see Juan María Sanchez-Prieto, Lo que fué y lo que no fué Franco, [in:] Nueva Revista de Política, Cultura y Arte 69 (2000), pp. 30–38
- ^ García-Fernández, Mónica (February 2022). "From National Catholicism to Romantic Love: The Politics of Love and Divorce in Franco's Spain". Contemporary European History. 31 (1, Special Issue: The Contemporary European History Prize). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 2–14. doi:10.1017/S0960777321000515. ISSN 1469-2171.
- ^ "The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014.
- ^ Blamires, Cyprian P., ed. (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 219–220.
- ^ Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011). ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
... fascist Italy ... developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932–1968) and Brazil (1937–1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933–1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
- ^
- ^ "Un estado totalitario armonizará en España el…" [A totalitarian state will harmonize in Spain…] (in Spanish).
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney P., ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Vol. 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks, California; London; New Delhi: SAGE Publications. p. 633.
- ^ Historians have discussed which of the Falange's qualities were most characteristic of the ideology. Stanley Payne maintains it's their vague and confusing ideas, (PAYNE, Stanley (1965) Sobre Falange Española. París: Ruedo Ibérico), while S. Ellwood believes Nationalism, Imperialism and Irrationalism to characterise their ideas, as stated in Prietas las filas. Historia de la Falange Española, 1933-1985. Grijalbo (found at "Periodista Digital ::". Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2019.)
- ^ Saz, Ismael (2004). Fascismo y franquismo [Fascism and Francoism] (in Spanish). Valencia: Universitat de València. pp. 69–70. ISBN 84-370-5910-0.
- ^ "THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR - Episode 4: Franco And The Nationalists (HISTORY DOCUMENTARY) (Timestamp 18:34)". youtube.com. July 23, 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
Quoting Spanish Falangist Narciso Perales from an interview in 1983; "The Falange was a revolutionary movement which wanted to carry out profound changes in the Spanish society of those times. Changes which are still necessary today. José Antonio proclaimed a doctrine which resolved opposing doctrines in society. It upheld spiritual values and the belief in the fatherland as our common and universal destiny, and at the same time, it aimed for a social revolution. The agrarian reform would turn the land over to the peasants so that the vision of giving the ownership of the land to those who work it would come true. Banks would be nationalized because it was considered unjust that the savings of all the Spanish people should be controlled by a few who dominated the economy of the country. [...]
- ^
- Hans Rogger, Eugen Weber. The European Right. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; London: University of Cambridge Press, 1965. p. 195.
- original text of the Unification Decree in BOE 182/1937, available online here
- ^ Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford, England; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 8.
- ^ Payne, Stanley (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 261.
- ^ Diffie, Bailey W. (1943). "The Ideology of Hispanidad". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 23 (3): 457–482. doi:10.2307/2508538. ISSN 0018-2168. JSTOR 2508538.
- ^ Payne 1999, pp. 330–331.
- ^ Perucho, Joan (2002-12-29). ""La literatura hoy ha desaparecido por la política"" ["Literature has disappeared today because of politics"] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
- ^
- ^ Albanese, Matteo Antonio; Hierro, Pablo del (2013). "Una red transnacional. La "network" de la extrema derecha entre España e Italia después de la II Guerra Mundial, 1945-1968" [A transnational network. The far-right network between Spain and Italy after World War II, 1945-1968] (PDF). Falange, las culturas políticas del fascismo en la España de Franco (1936-1975), Vol. 2, 2013, ISBN 978-84-9911-216-9, págs. 6-24 (in Spanish). Instituto "Fernando El Católico": 6–24. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
- ^ Grecco, Gabriela de Lima (2016). "Falange Española: de la corte literaria de José Antonio al protagonismo del nacionalcatolicismo" [Spanish Falange: from the literary court of José Antonio to the prominence of national Catholicism] (PDF). História e Cultura (in Spanish). 5 (Extra 3): 98–118. doi:10.18223/hiscult.v5i3.1999. ISSN 2238-6270. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
- ^ a b Tauber, Kurt P. (1959). "German Nationalists and European Union". Political Science Quarterly. 74 (4): 564–589. doi:10.2307/2146424. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2146424.
- ^ Naranjo Orovio 1988, p. 9.
- ^ Thomàs 2019, p. 1.
- ^ Kershaw, Ian (2016). To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949. New York: Penguin Books. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-14-310992-1.
- ^ Thomàs 2020, p. 39.
- ^ Thomàs 2020, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Thomàs 2020, p. 38.
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