Philippine Republic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1899[a]–1901[b] | |||||||||
| Motto: Libertad, Justicia, e Igualidad (English: "Liberty, Justice, and Equality")(Tagalog: "Kalayaan, Katarungan, at Kapantay-pantayan")[citation needed] | |||||||||
| Anthem: Marcha Nacional Filipina (English: "Philippine National March") | |||||||||
 Territory controlled by the Philippine Republic, most of which it occupied except Manila and parts of Mindanao. | |||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
| Capital | Malolos[c] | ||||||||
| Largest city | Manila (until February 5, 1899) | ||||||||
| Official languages | Spanish[d] | ||||||||
| Common languages | Philippine languages | ||||||||
| Religion | Secular state Majority: Roman Catholicism Minority: Indigenous religion, Sunni Islam | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Filipino | ||||||||
| Government | 1899: Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic under a military dictatorship 1899–1901: Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1899–1901 | Emilio Aguinaldo (first) | ||||||||
• 1901–1902 | Miguel Malvar (last; unofficial) | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1899 | Apolinario Mabini (first) | ||||||||
• 1899 | Pedro Paterno (last) | ||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||
| Historical era | Philippine–American War | ||||||||
| January 23, 1899[a] | |||||||||
| April 19, 1901[b] | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1898[10][better source needed] | 298,719 km2 (115,336 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1898[10] | 7,832,719 | ||||||||
| Currency | Peso | ||||||||
| |||||||||
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| History of the Philippines |
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The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president.[11] It was unrecognized outside of the Philippines but remained active until April 19, 1901.[b] Following the American victory at the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, and proclaimed successive revolutionary Philippine governments on June 18 and 23 of that year.
In December 1898, Spain and the United States signed the 1898 Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish–American war. As part of the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The treaty was not formally proclaimed until April 11, 1899, when mutual ratifications were exchanged. In the meantime, on January 23, 1899, the Malolos Constitution establishing the First Philippine Republic had been proclaimed and, on February 4, 1899, fighting had erupted in Manila between American and Filipino forces in what developed into the Philippine–American War.[e] Aguinaldo was captured by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela, he declared allegiance to the U.S. on April 19, 1901, effectively ending the Philippine Republic.[14][15]
The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia,[16][17][18] although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo. Aguinaldo himself had led a number of governments prior to Malolos, like those established at Tejeros and Biak-na-Bato which both styled themselves República de Filipinas ("Republic of the Philippines"). Unlike the founding documents of those governments, however, the Malolos Constitution was duly approved by a partially elected congress and called for a true representative democracy.[11][19]
- ^ Inaugural Address of President Aguinaldo, January 23, 1899 (Speech). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 23, 1899. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo". Malacaňan Palace Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
- ^ Doyle 2010, pp. 155-156.
- ^ Beede, Benjamin R. (1994). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-136-74690-1.
[O]n 24 March, Aguinaldo was captured in the mountain region of Palanan, Isabela Province, and on 2 April 1901 he took an oath of allegiance to the United States. On 19 April 1901 he appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States. The existence of the revolutionary government came to an end officially when, on 4 July 1901, U.S. Military government ceased to exist in the Philippines.
- ^ Doyle 2010, p. 155, "Aguinaldo was taken prisoner in his bedroom on 23 March 1901 and informed that he was a prisoner of the U.S. Army. On 1 April 1901, Emilio Aganaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, and on 19 April he signed a manifesto calling on his countrymen to give up the fight. It read in part: '[...] By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago, [...]'"
- ^ Oliver, Robert Tarbell (1989). Leadership in Asia: Persuasive Communication in the Making of Nations, 1850–1950. University of Delaware Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-87413-353-0.
On 19 April 1901 Aguinaldo issued a farewell proclamation to his people, bringing the republic to an end: ...
- ^ "Proclamation on U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's pardon of the people of Philippine Archipelago, s. 1902". Government of the United States. July 4, 1901 – via Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.
Whereas the insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the United States is now at an end
- ^ "Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002". Official Gazette. April 9, 2002.
WHEREAS, Tuesday, April 16, 2002, marks the centennial celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War [and] WHEREAS, the day also marks the day when General Miguel Malvar, a true-blooded Batangueño and the last President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government surrendered to the Americans; ...
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
constitution textwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b La Dinastía (Barcelona). 29/11/1898, page 3 as returned in search results at the National Library of Spain.
- ^ a b Guevara 1972, pp. 104–119 (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
- ^ Kalaw 1927, pp. 199–200.
- ^ Paterno, Pedro Alejandro (June 2, 1899). "Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War". The Philippine-American War Documents. San Pablo City, Philippines: MSC Institute of Technology, Inc. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ Aguinaldo y Famy, Don Emilio (April 19, 1901). "Aguinaldo's Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States". The Philippine-American War Documents. Pasig, Philippines: Kabayan Central Net Works Inc. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
- ^ Brands 1992, p. 59.
- ^ "The First Philippine Republic". Philippine Government. September 7, 2012. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- ^ "Asia's First Republic". Mantle. June 12, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
- ^ Saulo, A. B. (1983). Emilio Aguinaldo: Generalissimo and President of the First Philippine Republic--first Republic in Asia. Phoenix Publishing House. ISBN 978-971-06-0720-4. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
- ^ Tucker 2009, p. 364
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).