| Flexibilia Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Onychocrinus ramulosus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Crinoidea |
| Parvclass: | Cladida |
| Superorder: | †Flexibilia Zittel, 1895 |
| Orders | |
Flexibilia is a superorder of specialized Paleozoic (Middle Ordovician to Permian) crinoids. They exhibited a conserved body plan and consistent suite of characteristics throughout their long history. Previously considered a subclass with unclear affinities, later investigation determined that flexibles are well-nested within Cladida, a broad group ancestral to living articulate crinoids.[1] The Ordovician cladid Cupulocrinus acts as an intermediate form linking the generalized anatomy of other early cladids with the distinctive anatomy of flexibles, and several studies have considered it to be ancestral to the rest of the group.[2][1][3] Although flexibles never reached the same abundance or diversity as many other crinoid groups, they remained a reliable component of crinoid faunas, particularly from the Silurian onwards. Flexible fossils are very rare in the Ordovician (the most common taxa being Cupulocrinus and Protaxocrinus), but the Late Ordovician appears to have been an interval of rapid diversification for the group.[3]
Major traits of Flexibilia include:[1][4]
- Three infrabasal plates (in contrast to the five found in other dicyclic crinoids). Two of these plates (the zygous plates) are the result of fusion, and are larger than the remaining (azygous) plate. The azygous infrabasal is almost always located under the C ray.
- 5 basal plates and 5 radial plates in the calyx. The radials typically form a straight surface for the arm bases.
- Low, flexible tegmen with large ambulacral and small interambulacral plates radiating from the mouth.
- Numerous small interradial and interbrachial plates among larger components of the calyx. Anal plates form a tube or thin linear series above the posterior basal.
- Uniserial, inward-curling arms without pinnules. The branchials are broad and connected by a patelloid suture. Branching is variable though often isotomous (symmetrical).
- Thick stem comprising thin, circular columnals without cirri.
Flexibilia is strongly supported as a monophyletic clade.[1][3] It is traditionally split into the orders Sagenocrinida and Taxocrinida,[4] though the monophyly of these orders has been called into question. The most recent discussion of Flexibilia taxonomy considers Taxocrinida to be paraphyletic and ancestral to Sagenocrinida.[3]
- ^ a b c d Wright, David F.; Ausich, William I.; Cole, Selina R.; Peter, Mark E.; Rhenberg, Elizabeth C. (2017). "Phylogenetic taxonomy and classification of the Crinoidea (Echinodermata)". Journal of Paleontology. 91 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.142. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 13806992.
- ^ Peter, M. E. (2019-05-15). "Aberrations in the infrabasal circlet of the cladid crinoid genus Cupulocrinus (Echinodermata) and implications for the origin of flexible crinoids". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 522: 52–61. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.002. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 134102417.
- ^ a b c d Wright, David F.; Toom, Ursula (2017). Sevastopulo, George (ed.). "New crinoids from the Baltic region (Estonia): fossil tip‐dating phylogenetics constrains the origin and Ordovician–Silurian diversification of the Flexibilia (Echinodermata)". Palaeontology. 60 (6): 893–910. doi:10.1111/pala.12324. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 134049045.
- ^ a b Moore, Raymond C. (1978). Moore, Raymond C.; Teichert, Curt (eds.). Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea, vol. 2. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. By Georges Ubaghs, R. C. Moore, H. Wienberg Rasmussen, N. Gary Lane, Albert Breimer, H. L. Strimple, J. C. Brower, Russell M. Jeffords, James Sprinkle, R. E. Peck, D. B. Macurda, Jr., D. L. Meyer, Michel Roux, Hertha Sieverts-Doreck, R. O. Fay, and R. A. Robison. Boulder, CO and Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas and Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-3021-9. OCLC 531991.