| Specific energy | up to ~800 mAh/g |
|---|---|
| Energy density | up to ~4800 Wh/L |
| Cycle durability | Unknown (no commercial available devices) |
| Nominal cell voltage | 1.5 - 5.0 V (Depends on electrode materials) |
Fluoride batteries (also called fluoride shuttle batteries) are rechargeable battery technology based on the shuttle of fluoride, the anion of fluorine, as ionic charge carriers.
This kind of chemistry is attracted research interest in the mid-2010s because of its environmental friendliness, the avoidance of scarce and geographically strained mineral resources in electrodes composition (e.g. cobalt and nickel) and high theoretical energy densities. In addition, since there is no metal plating and stripping, dendrites formation is negligible also if high-capacity metallic anodes are used,[citation needed] with increased safety, cyclability and energy storage capacity. Theoretically, a fluoride battery using a low cost electrode and a liquid electrolyte can have energy densities as high as ~800 mAh/g and ~4800 Wh/L.[1]
The fluoride based technology is in an early-stage of development and, as of 2024[update], there are no commercially available devices. The main issues limiting actual performances are the high reactivity of naked fluoride in liquid electrolytes, low fluoride ionic conductivity of solid-state electrolytes at room temperature and volume expansion of conversion-type electrodes that put mechanical strain on cell components during charging-discharging cycling leading to a premature capacity fading. Despite the aforementioned limitations, the fluoride based technology represents a candidate for the next generation of electrochemical storage technology.[1]