Sweden is covered by 68% forest.[1] In southern Sweden, human interventions started to have a significant impact on broadleaved forests around 2000 years ago, where the first evidence of extensive agriculture has been found.[2] Recent studies describe a long-term process of borealization in south-central Sweden starting at the beginning of the Holocene where oak (Quercus spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.) seemingly started to decline around 2000 years ago due to a decrease in temperature.[3] At the same time the Norway spruce (Picea abies) started to emigrate from the north, and the European beech (Fagus sylvatica) emigrated from the south of Europe. Though, as a primary result of production forest management at the middle of the twentieth century, P. abies and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) covers together around 75% of southern Sweden actual standing tree volume.[3][4]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
scbwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lindbladh, Matts; Brunet, Jörg; Hannon, Gina; Niklasson, Mats; Eliasson, Per; Eriksson, Göran; Ekstrand, Anders (2007-06-01). "Forest History as a Basis for Ecosystem Restoration—A Multidisciplinary Case Study in a South Swedish Temperate Landscape". Restoration Ecology. 15 (2): 284–295. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00211.x. ISSN 1526-100X.
- ^ a b Lindbladh, Matts; Axelsson, Anna-Lena; Hultberg, Tove; Brunet, Jörg; Felton, Adam (2014-10-03). "From broadleaves to spruce – the borealization of southern Sweden". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 29 (7): 686–696. doi:10.1080/02827581.2014.960893. ISSN 0282-7581. S2CID 86628170.
- ^ Felton, A.; Hedwall, P. O.; Lindbladh, M.; Nyberg, T.; Felton, A. M.; Holmström, E.; Wallin, I.; Löf, M.; Brunet, J. (2016-04-01). "The biodiversity contribution of wood plantations: Contrasting the bird communities of Sweden's protected and production oak forests". Forest Ecology and Management. 365: 51–60. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.030.