Galicia | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: "Os Pinos" ("The Pine Trees") | |
&sq=Facebook&lang=en&file=File:Galicia_in_Spain_(including_Canarias).svg) Location of Galicia within Spain and the Iberian Peninsula | |
| Coordinates: 42°48′N 7°54′W / 42.8°N 7.9°W | |
| Country | Spain |
| Capital | Santiago de Compostela |
| Largest cities | Vigo, A Coruña |
| Provinces | A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, and Pontevedra |
| Government | |
| • Type | Devolved government in a constitutional monarchy |
| • Body | Xunta de Galicia |
| • President | Alfonso Rueda (PP) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 29,574.42 km2 (11,418.75 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 7th (5.8% of Spain) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total |  2,701,819 |
| • Rank | 5th (6% of Spain) |
| • Density | 91/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Galician galego, -ga (gl) gallego, -ga (es) |
| GDP | |
| • Total | $75.93 billion (2022) |
| • Per capita | $28,170 (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | ES-GA |
| Area code | +34 98- |
| Statute of Autonomy | 1936 28 April 1981 |
| Official languages | |
| Internet TLD | .gal |
| Patron saint | St. James |
| Parliament | Parliament of Galicia |
| Congress | 23 deputies (out of 350) |
| Senate | 19 senators (out of 265) |
| HDI (2021) | 0.911[2] very high · 9th |
| Website | xunta.gal |
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Galicia (/ɡəˈlɪʃ(i)ə/ gə-LISH-(ee-)ə;[3] Galician: Galicia [ɡaˈliθjɐ] (officially) or Galiza [ɡaˈliθɐ] ;[a][b] Spanish: Galicia [ɡaˈliθja]) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.[4] Located in the northwest Iberian Peninsula, it includes the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, and Pontevedra.
Galicia is located in Atlantic Europe. It is bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Cantabrian Sea to the north. It had a population of 2,701,743 in 2018[5] and a total area of 29,574 km2 (11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline,[6] including its offshore islands and islets, among them Cíes Islands, Ons, Sálvora, Cortegada Island, which together form the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park, and the largest and most populated, A Illa de Arousa.
The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic people[7][8] living north of the Douro River during the last millennium BC. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, and was made a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga; this kingdom was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate invaded the Iberian Peninsula conquering the Visigoth kingdom of Hispania by 718,[9] but soon Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias by 740. During the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings,[10] but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile, while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and culture. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an Adiantado-mór, whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century.[11] The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia, a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia.[11] This institution was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the culture of Galicia. This resulted in the Statute of Autonomy of 1936, soon frustrated by Franco's coup d'état and subsequent long dictatorship. After democracy was restored the legislature passed the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, approved in referendum and currently in force, providing Galicia with self-government.
The interior of Galicia is characterized by a hilly landscape; mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of rias and beaches. The climate of Galicia is usually temperate and rainy, with markedly drier summers; it is usually classified as Oceanic. Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history, allowing for a relatively high density of population.[12] Except shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was based on a farming and fishing economy until after the mid-20th century, when it began to industrialize. In 2018, the nominal gross domestic product was €62.900 billion,[5] with a nominal GDP per capita of €23,300.[5] Galicia is characterised, unlike other Spanish regions, by the absence of a metropolis dominating the territory. Indeed, the urban network is made up of 7 main cities: the four provincial capitals A Coruña, Pontevedra, Ourense and Lugo, the political capital Santiago de Compostela and the industrial cities Vigo and Ferrol. The population is largely concentrated in two main areas: from Ferrol to A Coruña on the northern coast, and in the Rías Baixas region in the southwest, including the cities of Vigo, Pontevedra, and the interior city of Santiago de Compostela. There are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo and Ourense. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coruña. Vigo, in the province of Pontevedra, is the largest municipality[13] and A Coruña the most populated city in Galicia.[14] Two languages are official and widely used today in Galicia: the native Galician; and Spanish, usually called Castilian. While most Galicians are bilingual, a 2013 survey reported that 51% of the Galician population spoke Galician most often on a day-to-day basis, while 48% most often used Spanish.[15]
- ^ "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). ine.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ "Galicia" Archived 7 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ "Galicia, a historic nationality, constitutes itself as an autonomous community for accessing to its self-government", "Galicia, nacionalidade histórica, constitúese en Comunidade Autónoma para acceder ó seu autogoberno" Statute of Autonomy of Galicia (1981), 1.
- ^ a b c "Instituto Nacional de Estadística". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ "Límites e posición xeográfica". Instituto Galego de Estatística. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 788–791. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- ^ Luján, Eugenio (2009). "Pueblos celtas y no celtas de la Galicia antigua: fuentes literarias frente a fuentes epigráficas". Real Académia de Cultura Valenciana: Sección de estudios ibéricos "D. Fletcher Valls". Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía antiguas - ELEA (9): 219–250. ISSN 1135-5026. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402–403.
- ^ Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1997). García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV. Burgos: Editorial La Olmeda. ISBN 84-920046-8-1.
- ^ a b de Artaza, Manuel Ma. (1998). Rey, reino y representación : la Junta General del Reino de Galicia (1599–1834). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 84-453-2249-4.
- ^ Galicia had a population of 1,345,803 inhabitants in 1787, some 44 inhabitants per square kilometer, out of a total of 9,307,804 in metropolitan Spain. Cf. Censo español executado de orden del Rey comunicada por el … Conde de Floridablanca en el año de 1787. Imprenta Real. 1787. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- ^ INE - Spain statistics institute (1 January 2021). "Municipal breakdown". INe. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "A Coruña es la localidad con más habitantes de Galicia, por encima de Vigo". El Español (in Spanish). 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "IGE. Táboas". www.ige.eu. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
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