Geology of Himachal Pradesh

Fig.1 White line indicates the location of Himachal Pradesh. Figure made with GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.org) / CC BY / CC BY (Ryan et al., 2009).[1]

The geology of Himachal Pradesh is dominated by Precambrian rocks that were assembled and deformed during the India-Asia collision and the subsequent Himalayan orogeny. The Northern Indian State Himachal Pradesh is located in the Western Himalaya (Fig. 1). It has a rugged terrain, with elevation ranging from 320m to 6975m.[2] Rock materials in the region are largely from the Indian craton,[3] and their ages range from the Paleoproterozoic to the present day.[4] It is generally agreed that the Indian craton collided with Asia 50-60 million years ago (Ma).[5][6][7] Rock sequences were thrust and folded immensely during the collision.[3] The area has also been shaped by focused orographic precipitation, glaciation and rapid erosion.[8][9]

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  1. ^ Ryan, William B. F.; Carbotte, Suzanne M.; Coplan, Justin O.; O'Hara, Suzanne; Melkonian, Andrew; Arko, Robert; Weissel, Rose Anne; Ferrini, Vicki; Goodwillie, Andrew; Nitsche, Frank; Bonczkowski, Juliet (March 2009). "Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 10 (3): n/a. Bibcode:2009GGG....10.3014R. doi:10.1029/2008gc002332. ISSN 1525-2027.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b Webb, A. Alexander G.; Yin, An; Harrison, T. Mark; Célérier, Julien; Gehrels, George E.; Manning, Craig E.; Grove, Marty (2011-08-01). "Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya (northwestern India) and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen". Geosphere. 7 (4): 1013–1061. doi:10.1130/GES00627.1.
  4. ^ Yin, An (2006-05-01). "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation". Earth-Science Reviews. 76 (1): 1–131. Bibcode:2006ESRv...76....1Y. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004. ISSN 0012-8252.
  5. ^ Hodges, K. V. (2000-03-01). "Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives". GSA Bulletin. 112 (3): 324–350. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112..324H. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  6. ^ Wu, F.-Y.; Ji, W.-Q.; Wang, J.-G.; Liu, C.-Z.; Chung, S.-L.; Clift, P. D. (2014-02-01). "Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the onset time of India-Asia collision". American Journal of Science. 314 (2): 548–579. Bibcode:2014AmJS..314..548W. doi:10.2475/02.2014.04. ISSN 0002-9599. S2CID 130337662.
  7. ^ Colleps, C.L.; McKenzie, N.R.; Horton, B.K.; Webb, A.A.G.; Ng, Y.W.; Singh, B.P. (March 2020). "Sediment provenance of pre- and post-collisional Cretaceous–Paleogene strata from the frontal Himalaya of northwest India". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 534: 116079. Bibcode:2020E&PSL.53416079C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116079. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 213962032.
  8. ^ THIEDE, R (May 2004). "Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the Southern Himalayan Front". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00198-0. ISSN 0012-821X.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).