Ghrelin

GHRL
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesGHRL, ghrelin, Ghrelin, ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide, MTLRP
External IDsOMIM: 605353; MGI: 1930008; HomoloGene: 9487; GeneCards: GHRL; OMA:GHRL - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_021488
NM_001286404
NM_001286405
NM_001286406
NM_001379129

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001273333
NP_001273334
NP_001273335
NP_067463
NP_001366058

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 10.29 – 10.29 MbChr 6: 113.69 – 113.7 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Ghrelin (/ˈɡrɛlɪn/; or lenomorelin, INN) is a hormone primarily produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach,[5][6] and is often called a "hunger hormone" because it increases the drive to eat.[6] Blood levels of ghrelin are highest before meals when hungry, returning to lower levels after mealtimes.[6][7] Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake[6][8] by increasing gastric motility and stimulating the secretion of gastric acid.[6]

Ghrelin activates cells in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus,[6][9] including neuropeptide Y neurons that initiate appetite.[6][10] Ghrelin stimulates brain structures having a specific receptor – the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A (GHSR-1A).[6][11] Ghrelin also participates in regulation of reward cognition,[12] learning and memory, the sleep-wake cycle, taste sensation, reward behavior, and glucose metabolism.[6][13][14]

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000157017Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000064177Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K (December 1999). "Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach". Nature. 402 (6762): 656–660. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..656K. doi:10.1038/45230. PMID 10604470. S2CID 753383.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, et al. (June 2015). "Ghrelin". Molecular Metabolism. 4 (6): 437–460. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005. PMC 4443295. PMID 26042199.
  7. ^ Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS (August 2001). "A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans". Diabetes. 50 (8): 1714–1719. doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714. PMID 11473029.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schwartz_2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Dickson SL, Leng G, Robinson IC (March 1993). "Systemic administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide activates hypothalamic arcuate neurons". Neuroscience. 53 (2): 303–306. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90197-n. PMID 8492908. S2CID 9757253.
  10. ^ Dickson SL, Luckman SM (February 1997). "Induction of c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in neuropeptide Y and growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of the GH secretagogue, GH-releasing peptide-6". Endocrinology. 138 (2): 771–777. doi:10.1210/endo.138.2.4907. PMID 9003014.
  11. ^ Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, Arena JP, Liberator PA, Rosenblum CI, et al. (August 1996). "A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release". Science. 273 (5277): 974–977. Bibcode:1996Sci...273..974H. doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.974. PMID 8688086. S2CID 32192383.
  12. ^ Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM, Malenka RC (2015). "Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 245–267. ISBN 9780071827690.
  13. ^ Le Moal M (2002). "Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic Neurons". In Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C (eds.). Neuropsychopharmacology : the fifth generation of progress : an official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781728379. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2014.