Giuseppe Garibaldi | |
|---|---|
 Garibaldi in 1861 | |
| |
| In office 18 February 1861 – 2 June 1882 | |
| Dictator of Sicily | |
| In office 17 May 1860 – 4 November 1860 | |
| Minister of War of the Roman Republic | |
| In office 9 February 1849 – 25 April 1849 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joseph-Marie Garibaldi 4 July 1807 Nice, First French Empire |
| Died | 2 June 1882 (aged 74) Caprera, Kingdom of Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Political party |
|
| Spouses | Giuseppina Raimondi
(m. 1860; sep. 1860)Francesca Armosino (m. 1880) |
| Children | 8, including Menotti and Ricciotti |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | |
| Branch | |
| Service years | 1835–1871 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | |
| Wars | Ragamuffin War
|
| Part of the Politics series |
| Republicanism |
|---|
 Politics portal |
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (/ˌɡærɪˈbɑːldi/ GARR-ib-AHL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzeppe ɡariˈbaldi] ;[note 1] 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification (Risorgimento) and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered to be one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini.[1] Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.[2]
Garibaldi was a follower of the Italian nationalist Mazzini and embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement.[3] He became a supporter of Italian unification under a democratic republican government. However, breaking with Mazzini, he pragmatically allied himself with the monarchist Cavour and Kingdom of Sardinia in the struggle for independence, subordinating his republican ideals to his nationalist ones until Italy was unified. After participating in an uprising in Piedmont, he was sentenced to death, but escaped and sailed to South America, where he spent 14 years in exile, during which he took part in several wars and learned the art of guerrilla warfare.[4] In 1835 he joined the rebels known as the Ragamuffins (farrapos), in the Ragamuffin War in Brazil, and took up their cause of establishing the Riograndense Republic and later the Catarinense Republic. Garibaldi also became involved in the Uruguayan Civil War, raising an Italian force known as Redshirts, and is still celebrated as an important contributor to Uruguay's reconstitution.
In 1848, Garibaldi returned to Italy and commanded and fought in military campaigns that eventually led to Italian unification. The provisional government of Milan made him a general and the Minister of War promoted him to General of the Roman Republic in 1849. When the war of independence broke out in April 1859, he led his Hunters of the Alps in the capture of major cities in Lombardy, including Varese and Como, and reached the frontier of South Tyrol; the war ended with the acquisition of Lombardy. The following year, 1860, he led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf of, and with the consent of, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. The expedition was a success and concluded with the annexation of Sicily, Southern Italy, Marche and Umbria to the Kingdom of Sardinia before the creation of a unified Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges.
Garibaldi became an international figurehead for national independence and republican ideals, and is considered by twentieth-century historiography and popular culture as Italy's greatest national hero.[5][6] He was showered with admiration and praise by many contemporary intellectuals and political figures, including Abraham Lincoln,[7] William Brown,[8] Francesco de Sanctis, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Malwida von Meysenbug, George Sand, Charles Dickens,[9] and Friedrich Engels.[10]
Garibaldi also inspired later figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and Che Guevara.[11] Historian A. J. P. Taylor called him "the only wholly admirable figure in modern history".[12] In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts that his volunteers, the Garibaldini, wore in lieu of a uniform.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Bouchard, Norma (2005). Risorgimento in Modern Italian Culture: Revisiting the Nineteenth-Century Past in History, Narrative, and Cinema. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0838640548.
- ^ "Unità d'Italia: Giuseppe Garibaldi, l'eroe dei due mondi". Enciclopedia De Agostini. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2020 – via Sapere.
- ^ Riall, Lucy (2007). Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0300144239.
- ^ Ridley, Jaspar (2001). Phoenix: Garibaldi (illustrated, reprint ed.). London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 9781842121528.
- ^ AA.VV. (1999). La fabrique des héros. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. p. 11. ISBN 2-7351-0819-8.
- ^ "La scuola per i 150 anni dell'Unità I protagonisti: Garibaldi". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014.
- ^ Mack Smith, ed., Denis (1969). Garibaldi (Great Lives Observed). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0133467918.
- ^ "Frasi di William Brown (ammiraglio)". LeCitazioni. Retrieved 2 September 2020. "È il più generoso dei pirati che abbia mai incontrato."
- ^ Schlicke, Paul (2011). The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780199640188.
- ^ Rossi, Lauro (2010). Giuseppe Garibaldi due secoli di interpretazioni. Rome: Gangemi Editore. p. 238. ISBN 978-8849292640.
- ^ Di Mino, Massimiliano; Di Mino, Pier Paolo (2011). Il libretto rosso di Garibaldi. Rome: Castelvecchi Editore. p. 7. ISBN 978-8895903439.
- ^ Parks, Tim (2 July 2007). "The Insurgent: Garibaldi and his enemies". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 September 2020.