 Diagram 1: In Feynman diagrams, emitted gluons are represented as helices. This diagram depicts the annihilation of an electron and positron. | |
| Composition | Elementary particle |
|---|---|
| Statistics | Bosonic |
| Family | Gauge boson |
| Interactions | Strong interaction |
| Symbol | g |
| Theorized | Murray Gell-Mann (1962)[1] |
| Discovered | e+e− → Υ(9.46) → 3g: 1978 at DORIS (DESY) by PLUTO experiments (see diagram 2 and recollection[2]) and |
| Types | 8[4] |
| Mass | 0 (theoretical value)[5] < 1.3 MeV/c2 (experimental limit) [6][5] |
| Electric charge | 0 e[5] |
| Color charge | octet (8 linearly independent types) |
| Spin | 1 ħ |
| Parity | -1 |
| Standard Model of particle physics |
|---|
 |
A gluon (/ˈɡluːɒn/ GLOO-on) is a type of massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless vector bosons, thereby having a spin of 1.[7] Through the strong interaction, gluons bind quarks into groups according to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), forming hadrons such as protons and neutrons.
Gluons carry the color charge of the strong interaction, thereby participating in the strong interaction as well as mediating it. Because gluons carry the color charge, QCD is more difficult to analyze compared to quantum electrodynamics (QED) where the photon carries no electric charge.
The term was coined by Murray Gell-Mann in 1962[a] for being similar to an adhesive or glue that keeps the nucleus together.[9] Together with the quarks, these particles were referred to as partons by Richard Feynman.[10]
- ^ M. Gell-Mann (1962). "Symmetries of Baryons and Mesons" (PDF). Physical Review. 125 (3): 1067–1084. Bibcode:1962PhRv..125.1067G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.125.1067. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-21.. This is without reference to color, however. For the modern usage see Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, H. (Nov 1973). "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture". Physics Letters B. 47 (4): 365–368. Bibcode:1973PhLB...47..365F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4712. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4.
- ^ B.R. Stella and H.-J. Meyer (2011). "Υ(9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)". European Physical Journal H. 36 (2): 203–243. arXiv:1008.1869v3. Bibcode:2011EPJH...36..203S. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3. S2CID 119246507.
- ^ P. Söding (2010). "On the discovery of the gluon". European Physical Journal H. 35 (1): 3–28. Bibcode:2010EPJH...35....3S. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2010-00002-5. S2CID 8289475.
- ^ "Why are there eight gluons?".
- ^ a b c W.-M. Yao; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 33 (1): 1. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.
- ^ F. Yndurain (1995). "Limits on the mass of the gluon". Physics Letters B. 345 (4): 524. Bibcode:1995PhLB..345..524Y. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)01677-5.
- ^ "Gluons". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- ^ Gell-Mann, Murray (1997). "Feynman's parton" (Interview). No. 131. Interviewed by Geoffrey West.
- ^ Garisto, Daniel (2017-05-30). "A brief etymology of particle physics | symmetry magazine". Symmetry Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
- ^ Feltesse, Joël (2010). "Introduction to Parton Distribution Functions". Scholarpedia. 5 (11): 10160. Bibcode:2010SchpJ...510160F. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.10160. ISSN 1941-6016.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).