Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

L-Glutamate
L-Glutamate Structural Formula
Clinical data
Other namesGLU (abbreviation), Glutamate, L-(+)-glutamate
Physiological data
Source tissuesalmost every part of the nervous system
Target tissuessystem-wide
ReceptorsNMDA, AMPA, kainate, mGluR
AgonistsNMDA, AMPA, kainic acid
AntagonistsAP5, ketamine, CNQX, kynurenic acid
Precursormainly dietary sources
Metabolismglutamate dehydrogenase
Identifiers
  • [(1S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]azanium
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG

In neuroscience, glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system.[1] It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.

Biochemical receptors for glutamate fall into three major classes, known as AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. A fourth class, known as kainate receptors, are similar in many respects to AMPA receptors, but much less abundant. Many synapses use multiple types of glutamate receptors. AMPA receptors are ionotropic receptors specialized for fast excitation: in many synapses they produce excitatory electrical responses in their targets a fraction of a millisecond after being stimulated. NMDA receptors are also ionotropic, but they differ from AMPA receptors in being permeable, when activated, to calcium. Their properties make them particularly important for learning and memory. Metabotropic receptors act through second messenger systems to create slow, sustained effects on their targets.

Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, glutamate is involved in cognitive functions such as learning and memory in the brain.[2] The form of plasticity known as long-term potentiation takes place at glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, neocortex, and other parts of the brain. Glutamate works not only as a point-to-point transmitter, but also through spill-over synaptic crosstalk between synapses in which summation of glutamate released from a neighboring synapse creates extrasynaptic signaling/volume transmission.[3] In addition, glutamate plays important roles in the regulation of growth cones and synaptogenesis during brain development.

  1. ^ Meldrum BS (April 2000). "Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology" (PDF). The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (4S Suppl): 1007S–15S. doi:10.1093/jn/130.4.1007s. PMID 10736372.
  2. ^ McEntee WJ, Crook TH (1993). "Glutamate: its role in learning, memory, and the aging brain". Psychopharmacology. 111 (4): 391–401. doi:10.1007/BF02253527. PMID 7870979. S2CID 37400348.
  3. ^ Okubo Y, Sekiya H, Namiki S, Sakamoto H, Iinuma S, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Hirose K, Iino M (April 2010). "Imaging extrasynaptic glutamate dynamics in the brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (14): 6526–31. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6526O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913154107. PMC 2851965. PMID 20308566.