Golomb ruler

"OGR" redirects here. For other uses, see OGR (disambiguation).
Golomb ruler of order 4 and length 6. This ruler is both optimal and perfect.
The perfect circular Golomb rulers (also called difference sets) with the specified order. (This preview should show multiple concentric circles. If not, click to view a larger version.)

In mathematics, a Golomb ruler is a set of marks at integer positions along a ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart. The number of marks on the ruler is its order, and the largest distance between two of its marks is its length. Translation and reflection of a Golomb ruler are considered trivial, so the smallest mark is customarily put at 0 and the next mark at the smaller of its two possible values. Golomb rulers can be viewed as a one-dimensional special case of Costas arrays.

The Golomb ruler was named for Solomon W. Golomb and discovered independently by Sidon (1932)[1] and Babcock (1953). Sophie Piccard also published early research on these sets, in 1939, stating as a theorem the claim that two Golomb rulers with the same distance set must be congruent. This turned out to be false for six-point rulers, but true otherwise.[2]

There is no requirement that a Golomb ruler be able to measure all distances up to its length, but if it does, it is called a perfect Golomb ruler. It has been proved that no perfect Golomb ruler exists for five or more marks.[3] A Golomb ruler is optimal if no shorter Golomb ruler of the same order exists. Creating Golomb rulers is easy, but proving the optimal Golomb ruler (or rulers) for a specified order is computationally very challenging.

Distributed.net has completed distributed massively parallel searches for optimal order-24 through order-28 Golomb rulers, each time confirming the suspected candidate ruler.[4][5][6][7][8]

Currently, the complexity of finding optimal Golomb rulers (OGRs) of arbitrary order n (where n is given in unary) is unknown.[clarification needed] In the past there was some speculation that it is an NP-hard problem.[3] Problems related to the construction of Golomb rulers are provably shown to be NP-hard, where it is also noted that no known NP-complete problem has similar flavor to finding Golomb rulers.[9]

  1. ^ Sidon, S. (1932). "Ein Satz über trigonometrische Polynome und seine Anwendungen in der Theorie der Fourier-Reihen". Mathematische Annalen. 106: 536–539. doi:10.1007/BF01455900. S2CID 120087718.
  2. ^ Bekir, Ahmad; Golomb, Solomon W. (2007). "There are no further counterexamples to S. Piccard's theorem". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 53 (8): 2864–2867. doi:10.1109/TIT.2007.899468. MR 2400501. S2CID 16689687..
  3. ^ a b "Modular and Regular Golomb Rulers".
  4. ^ "distributed.net - OGR-24 completion announcement". 2004-11-01.
  5. ^ "distributed.net - OGR-25 completion announcement". 2008-10-25.
  6. ^ "distributed.net - OGR-26 completion announcement". 2009-02-24.
  7. ^ "distributed.net - OGR-27 completion announcement". 2014-02-25.
  8. ^ "Completion of OGR-28 project". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  9. ^ Meyer C, Papakonstantinou PA (February 2009). "On the complexity of constructing Golomb rulers". Discrete Applied Mathematics. 157 (4): 738–748. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2008.07.006.