| Viceroy and Governor-General of India | |
|---|---|
.svg) Standard during the British Raj[1] | |
.svg) Standard during the Dominion of India[2] | |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Residence |
|
| Appointer |
|
| Term length | At His Majesty's pleasure (de jure) Five years, renewable[clarification needed] (de facto) |
| Formation | 20 October 1773 (Fort William) 22 April 1834 (India) |
| First holder | Warren Hastings (Fort William) Lord William Bentinck (India) |
| Final holder |
|
| Abolished | 26 January 1950 |
| Superseded by | Governor-General of Pakistan (in territory that became Pakistan) |
The governor-general of India (1833 to 1950, from 1858 to 1947 the viceroy and governor-general of India, commonly shortened to viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom in their capacity as the emperor/empress of India and after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the monarch of India. The office was created in 1773, with the title of governor-general of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over his presidency but supervised other East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British territory in the Indian subcontinent was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the governor-general of India.
In 1858, because of the Indian Rebellion the previous year, the territories and assets of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British Crown; as a consequence, company rule in India was succeeded by the British Raj. The governor-general (now also the Viceroy) headed the central government of India, which administered the provinces of British India, including Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Punjab, the United Provinces, and others.[3] However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British Government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally independent princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British Government or the United Kingdom, but rather one of homage directly with the British monarch as sovereign successor to the Mughal emperors. From 1858, to reflect the governor-general's new additional role as the monarch's representative in response to the fealty relationships vis the princely states, the additional title of viceroy was granted, such that the new office was entitled "Viceroy and Governor-General of India". This was usually shortened to "Viceroy of India".
The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India was partitioned into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British Government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British Cabinet, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of their powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general but thereafter did so on the advice of the government of the newly independent Dominion of India.
The governor-general served at the pleasure of the sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. A governor-general could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first governor-general in India (of Bengal) was Warren Hastings, the first official governor-general of British India was Lord William Bentinck, and the first governor-general of the Dominion of India was Lord Mountbatten.
- ^ "Flag of the Governor General of India". www.rmg.co.uk. National Maritime Museum: Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (2011). Military Flags of India: From the Earliest Times. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 110. ISBN 978-81-7646-742-1.
From 15 August 1947 to 26 January 1950, the flag of the Governor-General of India was dark blue with the Lion and Crown crest in the center and INDIA in golden letters below
- ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the princely states.