Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
T2-weighted MRI showing a necrotic brain absess as a result of GAE caused by an infection of Acanthamoeba.
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata
SymptomsFever, headaches, personality changes[1]
Complicationsseizures, coma, risk of death
CausesAcanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Sappinia pedata
TreatmentNitroxoline, miltefosine
A: T2-weighted MRI showing multiple necrotic brain abscesses as a result of a Balamuthia mandrillaris infection.
B: T1-weighted MRI showing expansion of the brain infection 4 days later

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)[2] is a rare, often fatal, subacute-to-chronic central nervous system disease caused by certain species of free-living amoebae[3] of the genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Sappinia.[4][5] The term is most commonly used with Acanthamoeba. In more modern references, the term "balamuthia amoebic encephalitis" (BAE) is commonly used when Balamuthia mandrillaris is the cause.[6][7][8][9] Similarly, Sappinia amoebic encephalitis (SAE) is the name for amoebic encephalitis caused by species of Sappinia.[10]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Sarica FB, Tufan K, Cekinmez M, Erdoğan B, Altinörs MN (July 2009). "A rare but fatal case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis with brain abscess: the first case reported from Turkey". Turkish Neurosurgery. 19 (3): 256–259. PMID 19621290.
  3. ^ Nguyen L, Perloff S (2018-07-24). Steele RW (ed.). "Amebic Meningoencephalitis: Overview". EMedicine.
  4. ^ Guarner J, Bartlett J, Shieh WJ, Paddock CD, Visvesvara GS, Zaki SR (December 2007). "Histopathologic spectrum and immunohistochemical diagnosis of amebic meningoencephalitis". Modern Pathology. 20 (12): 1230–1237. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800973. PMID 17932496.
  5. ^ Jayasekera S, Sissons J, Tucker J, Rogers C, Nolder D, Warhurst D, et al. (October 2004). "Post-mortem culture of Balamuthia mandrillaris from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of a case of granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis, using human brain microvascular endothelial cells". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 53 (Pt 10): 1007–1012. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45721-0. PMID 15358823.
  6. ^ da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F (2009). "Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2009: 251406. doi:10.1155/2009/251406. PMC 2719787. PMID 19657454.
  7. ^ Matin A, Siddiqui R, Jung SY, Kim KS, Stins M, Khan NA (August 2007). "Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 56 (Pt 8): 1110–1115. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47134-0. PMID 17644721.
  8. ^ Siddiqui R, Khan NA (February 2008). "Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences". Microbial Pathogenesis. 44 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2007.06.008. PMID 17913450.
  9. ^ Schuster FL, Yagi S, Gavali S, Michelson D, Raghavan R, Blomquist I, et al. (April 2009). "Under the radar: balamuthia amebic encephalitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48 (7): 879–887. doi:10.1086/597260. PMID 19236272.
  10. ^ Da Rocha-Azevedo, B.; Tanowitz, H.; Marciano-Cabral, F. (2009). "Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2009: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2009/251406. PMC 2719787. PMID 19657454.