HPV vaccine

HPV vaccine
Vaccine description
TargetHuman papillomavirus (HPV)
Vaccine typeProtein subunit
Clinical data
Trade namesGardasil, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa615028
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
ChemSpider
  • none
KEGG
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).[20] The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006.[20][21] Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine)[22][23] All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards.[20]: 668  All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally.[22] The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11.[22] The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58.[22] It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers.[24][25][26][27] They also protect against penile cancer.[28] They additionally prevent genital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection.[22][20] The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9–14 years, the same for girls and women aged 15–20 years, and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years.[29][20] The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.[20]

The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9–14.[22] The vaccination schedule depends on the age of the vaccine recipient.[22] As of 2023, 27% of girls aged 9–14 years worldwide received at least one dose (37 countries were implementing the single-dose schedule, 45% of girls aged 9–14 years old vaccinated in that year).[30][31] As of September 2024, 57 countries are implementing the single-dose schedule.[30] At least 144 countries (at least 74% of WHO member states) provided the HPV vaccine in their national immunization schedule for girls, as of November 2024.[32][31] As of 2022, 47 countries (24% of WHO member states) also did it for boys.[20]: 654  Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated by way of herd immunity.[33]

The HPV vaccine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[34] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures.[20] The WHO's priority purpose of HPV immunization is the prevention of cervical cancer, which accounts for 82% of all HPV-related cancers and more than 95% of which are caused by HPV.[20][30] 88% (2020 figure) of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and 2% (2020 figure) in high-income countries.[20]: 650 [30] The WHO-recommended primary target population for HPV vaccination is girls aged 9–14 years before they become sexually active.[20]: 669  It aims the introduction of the HPV vaccine in all countries and has set a target of reaching a coverage of 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15 years.[31][35] Females aged ≥15 years, boys, older males or men who have sex with men (MSM) are secondary target populations.[20] HPV vaccination is the most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer, particularly in resource-constrained settings.[36][20]: 666  Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.[20]

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