Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).[20] The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006.[20][21] Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and one nonavalent vaccine (against nine)[22][23] All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards.[20]: 668 All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally.[22] The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11.[22] The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58.[22] It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers.[24][25][26][27] They also protect against penile cancer.[28]They additionally preventgenital warts (also known as anogenital warts), with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection.[22][20] The vaccines require two or three doses depending on a person's age and immune status.[20] The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.[20]
The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young adolescent girls, aged 9-14.[22] It's particularly cost-effective in ressource-constrained settings.[20]: 666 The vaccination schedule depends on the age of the vaccine recipient.[22] As of 2022, 125 countries include HPV vaccine in their routine vaccinations for girls, and 47 countries recommend them for boys, as well.[20]: 654 Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated by way of herd immunity.[29]
^"Gardasil 9 EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^"Gardasil EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
^"Cervarix EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 20 September 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
^World Health Organization (May 2011). The immunological basis for immunization series: module 19: human papillomavirus infection. World Health Organization. hdl:10665/44604. ISBN9789241501590.
^World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.