Hadal zone

"Hadal" redirects here. For the album by Velcra, see Hadal (album).
Aquatic layers
   Pelagic
   Photic
   Epipelagic
   Aphotic
   Mesopelagic
   Bathypelagic
   Abyssopelagic
   Hadopelagic
   Demersal
   Benthic
Stratification
   Pycnocline
   Isopycnal
   Chemocline
   Nutricline
   Halocline
   Thermocline
   Thermohaline
See also

The hadal zone, also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean, lying within oceanic trenches. The hadal zone ranges from around 6 to 11 km (3.7 to 6.8 mi; 20,000 to 36,000 ft) below sea level, and exists in long, narrow, topographic V-shaped depressions.[1][2]

The cumulative area occupied by the 46 individual hadal habitats worldwide is less than 0.25% of the world's seafloor, yet trenches account for over 40% of the ocean's depth range.[3] Most hadal habitat is found in the Pacific Ocean, the deepest of the conventional oceanic divisions.[3]

  1. ^ Jamieson, Alan J.; Malkocs, Tamas; Piertney, Stuart B.; Fujii, Toyonobu; Zhang, Zulin (13 February 2017). "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (3): 0051. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1...51J. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0051. hdl:2164/9142. PMID 28812719. S2CID 9192602. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017.
  2. ^ Jamieson, Alan (5 March 2016). "Hadal zone: Ten things you never knew about the ocean's deepest places". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b Jamieson, Alan (29 April 2014). "All About Trenches". Hadal Ecosystem Studies. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019.