 North Frisian and Danish Wadden Sea Islands with Halligen (darker green) | |
 | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 54°34′N 8°39′E / 54.567°N 8.650°E |
| Total islands | 13 |
| Administration | |
Germany, Denmark | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | about 291 |
The Halligen (German, singular Hallig, German: [ˈhalɪç] ) or the halliger (Danish, singular hallig) are small islands without protective dikes.[1] They are variously pluralized in English as the Halligen, Halligs, Hallig islands, or Halligen islands. There are ten German halligen in the North Frisian Islands on Schleswig-Holstein's Wadden Sea–North Sea coast in the district of Nordfriesland[2] and one remaining hallig at the west coast of Denmark (Langli).
The name is cognate to Old-English halh, meaning "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh".[3] The very existence of the halligen is a result of frequent floods and poor coastal protection. The floods were much more common in the Middle Ages and coastal protection was much poorer.
The halligen have areas ranging from 7 to 956 ha, and are often former parts of the mainland, separated therefrom by storm tide erosion. Some are parts of once much bigger islands sundered by the same forces.[4] Some, owing to sediment deposition, have actually grown together to form larger ones. Langeneß (or Langeness) includes a former island by that same name, and two others that were called Nordmarsch and Butwehl.
Dwellings and commercial buildings are built upon metre-high, man-made mounds, called Warften in German or Værft in Danish, to guard against storm tides. Some halligen also have overflow dikes.[clarification needed]
Not very many people live on the halligen. Their livelihoods are mainly based on tourism, coastal protection, and agriculture. This last activity mainly involves raising cattle in the fertile, often flooded, salt meadows.[5][6]
The halligen are to be found in the Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer National Park. The commercially developed halligen of Nordstrandischmoor, Gröde, Oland, Langeneß, and Hooge are surrounded by the protected area, but not an integral part of it. The smaller halligen, Habel, Südfall, Süderoog, and Norderoog as well as the Hamburger Hallig are parts of the national park. Walks on the tidal flats and informational meetings are offered by tourist boards and the park administration.
In the west the German halligen are protected from the open sea by the North Frisian Barrier Island.
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The Halligen area around 1650 on a map by Johannes Mejer -
The North Frisian Halligen area around 1850, showing changes -
A hallig: the salt meadow in bloom -
Alexander Eckener: Warft of a Hallig during a storm tide, 1906 -
Dagebüll hallig railway, flooded, in 1984
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- ^ Walker, Tamsin (2020-03-01). "The German islands that regularly vanish beneath the sea". Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Walker, Tamsin (2020-01-14). "Will Germany's vanishing Hallig islands survive rising seas?". Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Stiles, Patrick V. (1997). "OE halh "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh"" (pdf). In Rumble, Alexander; Mills, A. D. (eds.). Names, places and people : an onomastic miscellany in memory of John McNeal Dodgson. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 330–344. ISBN 1-871615-90-9. OCLC 38013841.
An etymology from Celtic word hal, meaning "salt" is less likely.
- ^ Walker, Tasmin (2019-12-23). "Could flooding be a cure for rising seas?". Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Andresen, H.; Bakker, J. P.; Brongers, M.; Heydemann, B.; Irmler, U. (1990). "Long-Term Changes of Salt Marsh Communities by Cattle Grazing". Vegetatio. 89 (2): 137–148. doi:10.1007/BF00032166. ISSN 0042-3106. JSTOR 20038672. S2CID 20754802.
- ^ Adam, Paul (1990). Saltmarsh Ecology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24508-7. OCLC 20217629.