Hanoi

For other uses, see Hanoi (disambiguation).

Hanoi
Hà Nội
Capital municipality
City of Hanoi
Thành phố Hà Nội
Downtown Hanoi at night
Turtle Tower
Temple of Literature
Nhật Tân Bridge
Thê Húc Bridge
Hanoi Opera House
Imperial Citadel
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
St. Joseph's Cathedral
Official seal of Hanoi
Seal
Nicknames: 
City of Soaring dragon
(Thành phố rồng bay)[1]
Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation
(Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến)[2]
City for peace
(Thành phố vì hoà bình)
Motto: 
Dis lecta fortitudine prospera (historical)
Map
Location of Hanoi
Coordinates: 21°00′N 105°51′E / 21.00°N 105.85°E / 21.00; 105.85
Country Vietnam
RegionRed River Delta
Capital establishment1010
French occupation20 November 1873
Colonial liberation10 October 1954
Government centerBa Đình district
Subdivisions
Government
 • BodyHanoi People's Council
 • Secretary of the Party CommitteeBùi Thị Minh Hoài
 • Chairman of People's CouncilNguyễn Ngọc Tuấn
 • Chairman of People's CommitteeTrần Sỹ Thanh
Area
[3]
 • Total3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)
 • Urban
[4]
319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi)
 • Metro
[5][6]
24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi)
Highest elevation
[7]
1,296 m (4,252 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2023)[8]
 • Total8,587,100
 • Rank2nd
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,600/sq mi)
 • Urban
[9]
4,238,500
 • Rural
[10]
4,348,600
 • Metro
[6]
19,795,805
DemonymHanoian
Ethnic groups
[11]
 • Vietnamese[12]98.66%
 • Mường0.77%
 • Tày0.24%
 • Thái0.09%
 • Nùng0.08%
 • Others0.16%
GRDP (Nominal)
 • MunicipalityUS$ 51.4 billion (2022)[13]
 • MetroUS$ 103.1 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
10xxx–14xxx
Area codes24
ISO 3166 codeVN-HN
License plate29 – 33, 40
HDI (2022)Increase 0.818[14]
(2nd)
Websitehanoi.gov.vn

Hanoi[a] (Vietnamese: Hà Nội ⓘ) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river,"[15] – Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers. As a municipality, Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and one district-level town. The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)[3] and as of 2023, a population of 8,587,100.[8] Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at 51.4 billion USD in 2022,[13] behind Ho Chi Minh City.[16]

In the third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Citadel of Âu Lạc was constructed in what is now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then fell under Chinese rule for around a thousand years. In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (lit. 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, king Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh (東京, lit. 'eastern capital'), and remained being so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945. After the August Revolution, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area.

Hanoi is the cultural, economic and education center of Northern Vietnam. As the country's capital, it hosts 78 foreign embassies, the headquarters of People's Army of Vietnam, its own Vietnam National University system, and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.[17] The city hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of architectural styles, including French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments typical of socialist nations and disorganized alleys–tube houses stemming from the city's rapid growth in the 20th century.

  1. ^ Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay Archived 5 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10.
  2. ^ "Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình". 20 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b Biểu số 4.2: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng năm 2022 [Table 4.2: Current land use status in the Red River Delta in 2022] (PDF) (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). 18 October 2023. – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers
  4. ^ Phạm, Đình Tuyển (2019). "Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội". Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine). No. 9. Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects). Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  5. ^ Nguyễn, Tố Lăng (28 January 2021). "Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1)". Tạp chí Cộng sản. ISSN 2734-9071. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  6. ^ a b Trần, Hoàng (1 March 2022). "Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố'". Tiền Phong. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  7. ^ Quang Thái (20 September 2008). "Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô". An ninh Thủ đô. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  9. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  10. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 117. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  11. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2020). Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 [Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.
  12. ^ Also called Kinh people
  13. ^ a b Statistics Office of Hanoi (2023). Niên giám Thống kê thành phố Hà Nội năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Hanoi 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 162. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference dantri was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ "Đóng góp của các tỉnh, thành phố về một số chỉ tiêu chủ yếu". kinhtetrunguong.vn (in Vietnamese). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  17. ^ Thương, Báo Công (31 December 2022). "Năm 2022: Hà Nội đón 18,7 triệu lượt du khách | Báo Công Thương". Báo Công Thương điện tử, kinh tế, chính trị, xã hội (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 7 January 2024.


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