Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup H (mtDNA).

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup H map
Possible time of origin~48,500 ybp
Possible place of originSouth Asia or West Asia[1] or Southern Central Asia[2][3]
AncestorHIJK
DescendantsH1 (L902/M3061);
H2 (P96);
H3 (Z5857)
Defining mutationsL901/M2939
Highest frequenciesSouth Asians and Roma

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

The primary branch H1 (H-M69) and its subclades is one of the most predominant haplogroups amongst populations in South Asia, particularly its descendant H1a1 (M52). A primary branch of H-M52, H1a1a (H-M82), is found commonly among the Roma, who originated in South Asia and migrated into the Middle East and Europe, around the beginning of the 2nd millennium CE, and the Khmer people who got under influence from Indian populations.[4] The much rarer primary branch H3 (Z5857) is also concentrated in South Asia.

However, the primary branch H2 (P96) seems to have been found in sparse levels primarily in Europe and West Asia since prehistory. It has been found in remains of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), which is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to c. 10,800 – c. 8,500 years ago, and also the later Linear Pottery culture and Neolithic Iberia.[5][6] H2 likely entered Europe during the Neolithic with the spread of agriculture.[6][7] Its present distribution is made up of various individual cases spread out throughout Europe and West Asia today.[8]

  1. ^ Mahal, David G.; Matsoukas, Ianis G. (2018). "The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups". Frontiers in Genetics. 9: 4. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00004. PMC 5787057. PMID 29410676.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Haber_2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Tariq, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Farooq, Umar; Schurr, Theodore G. (2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 1027. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1027T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. PMC 8770644. PMID 35046511.
  4. ^ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–221. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  5. ^ Günther T, Valdiosera C, Malmström H, Ureña I, Rodriguez-Varela R, Sverrisdóttir ÓO, et al. (September 2015). "Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (38): 11917–11922. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11211917G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112. PMC 4586848. PMID 26351665.
  6. ^ a b Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, et al. (November 2010). "Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities". PLOS Biology. 8 (11): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536. PMC 2976717. PMID 21085689.
  7. ^ Rohrlach, Adam B.; Papac, Luka; Childebayeva, Ainash; Rivollat, Maïté; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Skourtanioti, Eirini; et al. (22 July 2021). "Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15005. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94491-z. eISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8298398. PMID 34294811.
  8. ^ St Clairl M (March 2018). "Haplogroup H-M2713" (PDF). St. Clair Database. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.