Harmonic minor scale

\relative c { \clef bass \time 2/2 \key g \minor \tempo "Allegro" g2 a bes4 c2 d4 es2 fis g1 }
Theme in harmonic minor from the opening of Schumann's First Symphony (1841)[1]

The harmonic minor scale (or Aeolian ♮7 scale) is a musical scale derived from the natural minor scale, with the minor seventh degree raised by one semitone to a major seventh,[2][3][4] creating an augmented second between the sixth and seventh degrees.

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \time 7/4 a4^\markup { A harmonic minor scale } b c d e f gis a2 } }

Thus, a harmonic minor scale is represented by the following notation:

1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭6, 7, 8

A harmonic minor scale can be built by lowering the 3rd and 6th degrees of the parallel major scale by one semitone.

Because of this construction, the 7th degree of the harmonic minor scale functions as a leading tone to the tonic because it is a semitone lower than the tonic, rather than a whole tone lower than the tonic as it is in natural minor scales. The intervals between the notes of a harmonic minor scale follow the sequence below:

whole, half, whole, whole, half, augmented second, half

While it evolved primarily as a basis for chords,[5] the harmonic minor with its augmented second is sometimes used melodically. Instances can be found in Mozart, Beethoven (for example, the finale of his String Quartet No. 14), and Schubert (for example, in the first movement of the Death and the Maiden Quartet). In this role, it is used while descending far more often than while ascending. A familiar example of the descending scale is heard in a Ring of bells. A ring of twelve is sometimes augmented with a 5♯ and 6♭ to make a 10 note harmonic minor scale from bell 2 to bell 11 (for example, Worcester Cathedral).[6]

In popular music, examples of songs in harmonic minor include Katy B's "Easy Please Me", Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative", and Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". The scale also had a notable influence on heavy metal, spawning a sub-genre known as neoclassical metal, with guitarists such as Chuck Schuldiner, Yngwie Malmsteen, Ritchie Blackmore, and Randy Rhoads employing it in their music.[7]

  1. ^ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony, p. 13. Third edition. Holt, Rinhart, and Winston. ISBN 0-03-020756-8.
  2. ^ McKinley, Carl (2011). Harmonic Relations, p.37. Wipf & Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781610975315.
  3. ^ Seeger, Charles (1916). Harmonic Structure and Elementary Composition: An Outline of a Course in Practical Musical Invention, p.13. C.L. Seeger & E.G. Stricklen. ISBN 9785871501719.
  4. ^ Mokrejs, John (1913). Lessons in Harmony, p.41. Odowan Publishing Company. [ISBN unspecified].
  5. ^ Willard A. Palmer, Morton Manus, Amanda Vick Lethco (1994). Scales, Chords, Arpeggios and Cadences: Complete Book, p.14. Alfred. ISBN 9780739003688. "To find the primary triads in a MINOR KEY, the HARMONIC MINOR SCALE is used."
  6. ^ "Dove's Guide", Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers.
  7. ^ "Neo-Classical Metal Music Genre Overview | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-11-26.