| Hashish حشیش | |
|---|---|
.jpg) 1.5 grams (1⁄16 oz) pressed marijuana | |
| Source plant(s) | Cannabis indica, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis ruderalis[a] |
| Part(s) of plant | Trichome |
| Geographic origin | South Asia[2] |
| Active ingredients | Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin |
| Legal status |
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| Part of a series on |
| Cannabis |
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Hashish (Arabic: حشیش, romanized: ḥašiš, IPA: [ħæʃiːʃ]), usually abbreviated as hash, is a compressed form of powdered marijuana.[3][4] As a psychoactive substance, it is consumed plain or mixed with tobacco. It has a long history of use in countries such as Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco and Egypt.[5]
Hashish consumption is also popular in Europe. In the United States, dried flowers or concentrates are more popular, and hash has seen a relative decrease in popularity following changes in laws that have indirectly allowed for the development and increased availability of cannabis extracts that are more potent than traditional hashish, although regional differences in product preferences exist.[6] Like many recreational drugs, multiple synonyms and alternative names for hashish exist, and vary greatly depending on the country and native language.[7]
Hashish is a cannabis concentrate product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes, from the plant. It is defined by the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (Schedule I and IV) as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant". The resin contains ingredients such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids—but often in higher concentrations than the unsifted or unprocessed cannabis flower.[8] Purities of confiscated hashish in Europe (2011) range between 3% and 15%. Between 2000 and 2005, the percentage of hashish in cannabis end product seizures was at 18%.[3] With the strength of unprocessed cannabis flowers having increased greatly in recent years—with flowers containing upwards of 25% THC by weight—the strength of hashish produced today and in the future is likely to be far more potent than in these older records.[9][10]
The consistency and appearance of hashish is highly dependent on the process used and the amount of leftover plant material (e.g. chlorophyll). It is typically solid, though its consistency ranges from brittle to malleable. It is most commonly light or dark brown in color, though may appear transparent, yellow, black, or red.[11]
- ^ Cervantes, Jorge (2006). Marijuana Horticulture: The Indoor/Outdoor Medical Grower's Bible (5th ed.). Van Patten Publishing. pp. 12. ISBN 9781878823236.
- ^ Mahmoud A. ElSohly (2007). Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-59259-947-9. Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
- ^ a b EMCDDA (2008). "A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences". Monograph Series. 8 (1). Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2017-06-29. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, doi:10.2810/13807
- ^ "What is Hash?". Leafly. 2020-06-25. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "The History Of Hashish". druglibrary.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Is Old-School Hashish Going Extinct in America?". MERRY JANE. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Hashish". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ Russo, Ethan. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential, p. 34 (Routledge 2013).
- ^ ElSohly, Mahmoud A.; Mehmedic, Zlatko; Foster, Susan; Gon, Chandrani; Chandra, Suman; Church, James C. (2016-04-01). "Changes in Cannabis Potency over the Last Two Decades (1995-2014) - Analysis of Current Data in the United States". Biological Psychiatry. 79 (7): 613–619. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004. ISSN 0006-3223. PMC 4987131. PMID 26903403.
- ^ "Highly Potent Weed Has Swept The Market, Raising Concerns About Health Risks". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Guide To The Different Types Of Hashish". www.druglibrary.org. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
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