This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan. Not to be confused with the Hindko-speaking Hazarewal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan, or with the historic Khazars.
Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan.[24] More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistanbetween 1888 and 1893,[25] and their persecution has occurred various times across previous decades.[26] Widespread ethnic discrimination,[27][28][29] religious persecution,[30][31] organized attacks by terrorist groups,[32][33] harassment and arbitrary arrest of Hazaras due to various reasons,[34][35] numerous cases of rape and torture of Hazara women,[36][37][38] seizure of lands and homes,[39][40][41] imposition of deliberate economic restrictions and creating economic backwardness of Hazara region,[42][43][44] grabbing agricultural fields and pastures of Hazara areas,[45][46][47][48][49] and numerous other cases of human rights violations have caused many Hazaras to be displaced and gradually forced to migrate or flee from Afghanistan.[50][51][52][53]
^Cite error: The named reference culturalorientation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR23345249.
^B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.
^Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN1476-5438. PMC3025785. PMID20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
^Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN0301-4460. PMID31559868. S2CID203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
^Cite error: The named reference Temirkhanov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. ISSN0263-4937. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
^Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.