Health effects of coffee

The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks.[1]

A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily. Exceptions include possible increased risk in women having bone fractures, and a possible increased risk in fetal loss or decreased birth weight during pregnancy.[2] Results were complicated by poor study quality, and differences in age, gender, health status, and serving size.[2]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Britannica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Poole_2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).