Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Astur-Leonese on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Astur-Leonese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcuts

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Leonese, Asturian, Extremaduran and Mirandese pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Consonants
IPA			Examples	English approximation
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b		b	bota, vida / bida	best
ɸ	ː	b	abdicar	Japanese Fumiko (AL), best (M)
β	β	β	la vida / la bida, cabra	between baby and bevy
β	ɸː	β	las vidas / las bidas	between baby and bevy (AL, M), Japanese Fumiko (E)
d			de, onda	date
ð	ð	ð	sedo, padre	other
ð	θː	ð	desde	other (AL, M), thing (E)
f	ɸ	f	fueu	face (AL, M), Japanese Fumiko (E)
	h		fierro / hierro / fiêrro	face (AL, M), hope (E)
	h		nafta	face (AL, M), hope (E)
ʁ^[1]	ɡ	ɡ	gata, anguila	got
χ	ŋ	ɡ	digno, acné	Scottish loch (AL), sing (E), got (M)
ʁ	ɣ	ɣ	agora, águila	between ago and ahold
ʁ	xː	ɣ	(d)esgracia / desgraça	between ago and ahold (AL, M), Scottish loch (E)
ʝ	h	ʎ	muyer / mujer / mulhier	beyond (AL), hope (E), million (M)
ʝ	ʝ	j	oye / oyi	beyond
ɟʝ	dʒ	ʒ	cónyuxe / cónyuji / cónjuge	endure (AL), injure, Polish dźwięk (E), genre, Polish źrebię (M)
k			cun, que, cual / qual	scan
l	l	l	salir	lip
l	ɾ	l	alto	lip (AL, M), US ladder (E)
		l̩	l^[2]	bottle
ʎ			llingua / lhéngua	million
m			mes, amar	mother
n			naide, sana	need
ŋ			pinga, en, álbum / álbun^[3]	sing
ɲ			añus / anhos	canyon
p			pero	spouse
r	r	r	rato, carro	rolled r
ɾ	r	ɾ	mar	US atom (AL, M), rolled r (E)
ɾ	ɾ	ɾ	trato, caro	US atom
s	s	s̺	sol, pasu / passo	between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć^[4]^[5]
	h	s̺	estar / estal / star	between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć (AL, M),^[4]^[5] hope (E)
	ð	z̺	casa / cada	between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć (AL),^[4]^[5] other (M), between zone and genre (retracted), Polish żyć (E)^[4]^[5]
z	ɦ	z̺	esmeráu / smerado	between zone and genre (retracted), Polish żyć (AL, M),^[4]^[5] hope (E)
t			tolos, ocho / oito	stand
tʃ			chano, ocho / oito	catch, Polish ćma
v	ɦ	v	afgano	of (AL, M), hope (E)
θ	ː	d	admira, ritmo	thing (AL), date (M)
	θ	s̻	cielos	thing (AL, E), sip, Polish syty (M)
	h	s̻	paz / paç	thing (AL), hope (E), sip, Polish syty (M)
	ð	z̻	decir / idel / dezir	thing (AL), other (E), zone, Polish zamek (M)
ð	ɦ	z̻	paz / paç de la tierra	smooth (AL), hope (E), zone, Polish zamek (M)
ʃ	s	ʃ	xorda / sorda	ship, Polish śnieg (AL, M),^[5] between sip and ship (retracted), Polish szyć (E)^[4]^[5]
	h	ʃ	caxa / caja	ship, Polish śnieg (AL, M),^[5] hope (E)
	h	ʒ	axunto / ajunto, orixe / ourige	ship, Polish śnieg (AL),^[5] hope (E), genre, Polish źrebię (M)^[5]
ʒ	ɦ	ʒ	^{[example needed]}	genre, Polish źrebię (AL, M),^[5] ahold (E)

Dialectal consonants of Asturian and Leonese^{[clarification needed]}
IPA	Examples	English approximation
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h	ḥierro	ham
ɖ	ḷḷingua, patsuezu (in some local orthographies)^[6]	guard
ɖʐ		somewhat like budge but retroflex, Polish dżem
ʈʂ		somewhat like catch but retroflex, Polish czekać
ts	otso (ocho / oito)	between cats and catch (retracted), Polish czekać
c	muyyer^[7]	cute
cç		cute
ɟʝ		endure

Vowels
IPA			Examples	English approximation
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a		a	cacho, pá	father
a		ɐ	cachico^[8]	tub
e		e	senu / seno, pie / piê	pay
		ɛ	bezu / beç, sé	bet
		ɨ	cebada	roses
ɪ		ɨ	^{[example needed]}^[8]	kit (AL, E), roses (M)
i			chícharo	see
o		o	puerta / puôrta	story
		ɔ	home, abó	off
		ʊ	costiella / costiêlha	influence
ʊ		ʊ	^{[example needed]}^[8]	influence
u			pruma	cool
Dialectal vowels
ɛ			^{[example needed]}	bet
ɔ			^{[example needed]}	dog

Semivowels^[9]
IPA			Examples	English approximation
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j			fierro / fiêrro	you / boy
w			puerta / puôrta	wine / cow

Suprasegmentals
IPA			Examples	English approximation
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ˈ			^{[example needed]}	primary stress, as in explanation
ˌ			^{[example needed]}	secondary stress, as in explanation
.			^{[example needed]}	syllable break, as in reuse
ː			esti [ˈehtːɪ]	consonant gemination
Diacritics
		◌̃	antes, cun^[10]	nasal vowel^[10]

^ Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2003). "Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias" (PDF). Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (in Spanish) (52–53). Universidad de Oviedo: 345. ISSN 0570-7218.
^ In Mirandese, the article l (the) is pronounced [l̩] (phonemically /ɨl/).
^ In Extremaduran, /n/ is the only final consonant that is always pronounced.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Mirandese contrast between the apical [s̺, z̺] and the laminal [s̻, z̻] is neutralized in favor of the former in Asturian, Leonese and Extremaduran, where the apical diacritic is not used for the sake of simplicity. The laminal [s̻, z̻] are the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese and the Slavic languages.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k The contrast between the apical /s̺, z̺/, the laminal /s̻, z̻/ and the palato-alveolar /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ/ found in Mirandese is similar to the contrast between /ʂ, ʐ/, /s, z/ and /ɕ, ʑ, tɕ/ in Polish.
^ Varies from a voiced retroflex affricate to a voiceless retroflex affricate and, in southwestern Asturian dialects, a voiced retroflex plosive.
^ "Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-11-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c Many dialects allow only /a/, /i/ and /u/ in final unstressed syllables.
^ The semivowels [j] and [w] can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.
^ ^a ^b Mirandese has the following nasal vowels: /ɐ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ĩ/, /ɨ̃/, /õ/ and /ũ/.

[1] Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2003). "Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias" (PDF). Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (in Spanish) (52–53). Universidad de Oviedo: 345. ISSN 0570-7218.

[2] In Mirandese, the article l (the) is pronounced [l̩] (phonemically /ɨl/).

[3] In Extremaduran, /n/ is the only final consonant that is always pronounced.

[retractedsibilants-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Mirandese contrast between the apical [s̺, z̺] and the laminal [s̻, z̻] is neutralized in favor of the former in Asturian, Leonese and Extremaduran, where the apical diacritic is not used for the sake of simplicity. The laminal [s̻, z̻] are the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese and the Slavic languages.

[mirandesepolish-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k The contrast between the apical /s̺, z̺/, the laminal /s̻, z̻/ and the palato-alveolar /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ/ found in Mirandese is similar to the contrast between /ʂ, ʐ/, /s, z/ and /ɕ, ʑ, tɕ/ in Polish.

[6] Varies from a voiced retroflex affricate to a voiceless retroflex affricate and, in southwestern Asturian dialects, a voiced retroflex plosive.

[7] "Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-11-24.

[finalunstressed-8] Many dialects allow only /a/, /i/ and /u/ in final unstressed syllables.

[Semivowel-9] The semivowels [j] and [w] can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.

[nasal_vowels-10] Mirandese has the following nasal vowels: /ɐ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ĩ/, /ɨ̃/, /õ/ and /ũ/.

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