 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Central Italian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Central Italian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representations of Central and Tuscan Italian pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Standard Italian phonemes, in bold, are followed by their most common phonetic values and their respective occurrence among dialects. Unless otherwise noted, unmentioned dialectal realizations are the same as for Standard Italian (e.g. Tuscan andando is [anˈdando], not [anˈnanno], and is therefore not listed below). Examples in the chart are spelled in Standard Italian.
The phonological processes described in the notes are normally valid at word boundaries as well.
| Phoneme | Phones | Examples | Occurrence | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | b | orbo, base, sembrare | all dialects | base |
| libertà, una bibita | Tuscany and easternmost Umbria | |||
| bː | most non-Tuscan dialects[2] | rib bone | ||
| m | gamba, cambio | Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria[3] | mate | |
| d | d | addentare, perdere | all dialects | date |
| l | scaldare | parts of Marche | late | |
| n | andando, sindaco | Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria[3] | nose | |
| dz[4] | dz | gazza, manzo | all dialects[5] | lads |
| dʒ | dʒ | Sergio, un giro | all dialects | jade |
| dːʒ | logica, la gente | most non-Tuscan dialects[2] | mad joker | |
| ʒ | Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[6] | leisure | ||
| f | f | figli, effetto, confondere | all dialects | fade |
| ɡ | ɡ | magro, agghindare | all dialects | game |
| j | j | maiali, chiave | all dialects | Yale |
| k | ɡ | ancora, in chiesa | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | game |
| k | palchi, accanto | all dialects | scale | |
| k̬ | amico, la cura | southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] | this game | |
| h | most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] | hay | ||
| l | l | ala, bellezza | all dialects | lane |
| r ɾ |
soldi, molto | Lazio, parts of Marche and southern Umbria | carro or caro in Spanish | |
| ʎ[4] | j | maglio, tigli | Lazio | vermilion or vermilion |
| ʎ | other dialects | |||
| m | m | temperamento, ammirare | all dialects | main |
| n | n | annona, lancio | all dialects[9] | nine |
| ɲ | con gnomi | canyon | ||
| ŋ | ingordo, ovunque | ring | ||
| ɱ | inverno, canfora | comfit | ||
| m | buon pasto, in modo tale | main | ||
| ɲ[4] | ɲ | bagno, spegnere | all dialects | canyon |
| p | b | tempo, in piazza | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | base |
| p | pattini, arpa | all dialects | space | |
| p̬ | dopo, i pini | southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] | this base | |
| ɸ | most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] | between fay and pay | ||
| r | r ɾ |
cortometraggio, arrivo | all dialects[10] | carro or caro in Spanish |
| s | s | sospiro, anglosassone | all dialects[11] | same |
| ts | insieme, perso | rats | ||
| ʃ | sospiro, anglosassone | southern areas of Umbria and Marche | shade | |
| ʃ[4] | conscia, cuscino | all dialects | ||
| t | d | tarantola, in Toscana | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | date |
| t | costoletta, a Taranto | all dialects | state | |
| t̬ | ditata, la tavola | southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] | this date | |
| θ | most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] | thane | ||
| ts[4] | ts | pazza, danzo, Lazio | all dialects[5] | rats |
| tʃ | dʒ | conceria | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | jade |
| tʃ | ciao, nel cielo | all dialects[4][6] | chap | |
| ʃ | cacio, ora di cena | shade | ||
| v | v | cavallo, avremo | all dialects | vane |
| w | w | squallido, guardare | all dialects | waste |
| z | z | risma, bismuto | all dialects | laze |
| rosa, visivo | Tuscany and easternmost Umbria | |||
| s | most non-Tuscan dialects | same |
| Phoneme | Phones | Occurrence | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | all dialects | between fat and father[13] |
| e | e | all dialects | fader |
| ɛ | non-Tuscan dialects[14] | feather | |
| ɛ | all dialects | ||
| e | non-Tuscan dialects[14] | fader | |
| jɛ[15] | je | certain non-Tuscan dialects | yet |
| jɛ | other dialects | ||
| i | i | all dialects | eat |
| o | o | all dialects | story |
| ɔ | non-Tuscan dialects[14] | off | |
| ɔ | all dialects | ||
| o | non-Tuscan dialects[14] | story | |
| wɔ[15] | ɔ | all dialects | off |
| u | u | all dialects | cool |
| Phoneme | Phones | Occurrence | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | all dialects | between fat and father[13] |
| e | e | all dialects | fader |
| i | certain non-Tuscan dialects[16] | eat | |
| i | all dialects | ||
| e | certain non-Tuscan dialects[16] | fader | |
| o | o | all dialects | story |
| u | Sabina, southern areas of Umbria and Marche[17] | cool | |
| u | all dialects |
| IPA | Explanation |
|---|---|
| ˈ | primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable) |
| ˌ | secondary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable) |
| . | syllable separation indicator |
| ː | long vowel or geminated consonant indicator |
- ^ Consonant length is phonemic, with dialects featuring syntactic gemination as well, though sometimes with a different occurrence from the standard outside Tuscany.
- ^ a b After a vowel, /b/ and /dʒ/ are always geminated in all Central dialects.
- ^ a b In these dialects, (semi)vowel-preceding /mb/ and /nd/ undergo total progressive assimilation to [mː] and [nː], respectively.
- ^ a b c d e f As it is the standard, /dz/, /ts/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/ and /ʃ/ are always geminated after a vowel; this means in such instances /ʃ/ and single /tʃ/ (realized as [ʃ]) are only distinguished by their length (e.g. pesce [ˈpeʃːe] vs pece [ˈpeːʃe]).
- ^ a b Though this is generally true for most words, /dz/ and /ts/ may not have the exact same distribution everywhere.
- ^ a b If preceded by a vowel, single /tʃ/ and (in Tuscany) /dʒ/ generally deaffricate.
- ^ a b c d In those places nasals trigger the voicing of certain following consonants.
- ^ a b c d e f In such areas, single /k/, /p/, /t/ lenite after a vowel, in Tuscany (in which such consonants, if geminated instead, might be slightly aspirated [kʰ], [pʰ], [tʰ]) following a phenomenon known as Tuscan gorgia.
- ^ As in Standard Italian, assimilation to the following consonant always occurs for nasals.
- ^ In a few South Central dialects, chiefly Romanesco, geminated /rː/ is always a single flap [ɾ]: e.g. guera [ˈɡwɛːɾa] instead of guerra.
- ^ /s/ becomes an affricate in post-consonantal position, except after another /s/.
- ^ Stressed vowels tend to be realized as longer in a non-final open syllable.
- ^ a b Closer to fat in most British and Irish accents; closer to father in most North American, Australian and New Zealand accents
- ^ a b c d Some non-Tuscan dialects may differ from the standard in the distribution of stressed close- and open-mid vowels in certain restricted cases (e.g. Tuscan attentamente [aˌtːɛntaˈmente], sarebbe [saˈɾɛbːe], sono [ˈsoːno] vs Marchigiano attentamente [aˌtːɛndaˈmɛnde], Romanesco sarebbe [saˈɾebːe], sono [ˈsɔːno]).
- ^ a b We refer here to /jɛ/ and /wɔ/ as resulting from diphthongization of Latin ĕ and ŏ, respectively (e.g. cuoco, from Latin coquus, or lieve, from levis); not to cases like sapiente, from Latin sapiens, or annacquò, third singular past historic of annacquare, whose pronunciation is the same as in Standard Italian for all dialects).
- ^ a b This change only occurs in a few monosyllables, e.g. Romanesco si te ce vedi [si tːe ʃe ˈveːdi] vs Standard se ti ci vedi [se tːi tʃi ˈveːdi].
- ^ Occurs word-finally in a few words, e.g. Marchigiano rosciu [ˈroʃːu] for Standard rosso [ˈrosːo].