Hemoglobin D-Punjab

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Within the medical specialty of hematology, Hemoglobin D-Punjab, also known as hemoglobin D-Los Angeles,^[1] D-North Carolina, D-Portugal, D-Oak Ridge, and D-Chicago,^[2] is a hemoglobin variant. It originates from a point mutation in the human β-globin locus and is one of the most common hemoglobin variants worldwide.^[1] It is so named because of its higher prevalence in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, along with northern China, and North America. It is also the most frequent hemoglobin variant in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, with a 1997 study indicating that Hemoglobin D-Punjab accounts for 55.6% of the total hemoglobin variants.^[2]

Hemoglobin D is a result of a mutation in the one or both of the Beta-chains that make up hemoglobin molecules. Having one gene effected is referred to as trait; having two is referred to as homozygous "disease" although the symptoms of this disease are mild.