 Protest sign used by the organization in the late 1960s, now in the Smithsonian Institution | |
| Formation | 1968 |
|---|---|
| Dissolved | 1973 |
| Headquarters | 1321 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Co-founder | Ada Bello |
Co-founder | Carole Friedman |
The Homophile Action League (HAL) was established in 1968 in Philadelphia as part of the Homophile movement in the United States.[1][2][3] The organization advocated for the rights of the LGBT community and served as a predecessor to the Gay Liberation Front.[4][5][6][7]
- ^ Ferentinos, Susan (2016). "Sitting In, Speaking Out: Pennsylvania's Revolutionary Homophile Movement". Pennsylvania Legacies. 16 (1): 20–26. doi:10.5215/pennlega.16.1.0020. ISSN 1544-6360. JSTOR 10.5215/pennlega.16.1.0020.
- ^ Hall, Simon (2008). "Protest Movements in the 1970s: The Long 1960s". Journal of Contemporary History. 43 (4): 655–672. doi:10.1177/0022009408095421. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 40543228. S2CID 162919237.
- ^ Newton, David E. (2009-10-27). Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-307-1.
- ^ "Ada Bello". If They Should Ask. Archived from the original on 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- ^ Stein, Marc Robert (1994). The city of sisterly and brotherly loves: The making of lesbian and gay movements in greater Philadelphia, 1948-1972 (Thesis). ProQuest 304122700.
- ^ Porter II, Juan (May 29, 2020). "You Should Know This Gay Asian-American Civil Rights, Anti-War, and HIV/AIDS Activist". TheBody. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Baumann, Jason (2019-04-30). The Stonewall Reader. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-313351-3.