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Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay or bisexual.[2][3][4] It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred, or antipathy, may be based on irrational fear and may sometimes be attributed to religious beliefs.[5][6]
Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual.[2][3][7] Recognized types of homophobia include institutionalized homophobia, e.g. religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, and internalized homophobia, experienced by people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify.[8][9]
Negative attitudes toward identifiable LGBT groups have similar yet specific names: lesbophobia is the intersection of homophobia and sexism directed against lesbians, gayphobia is the dislike or hatred of gay men, biphobia targets bisexuality and bisexual people, and transphobia targets transgender and transsexual people and gender variance or gender role nonconformity.[10][2][4][11] According to 2010 Hate Crimes Statistics released by the FBI National Press Office, 19.3 percent of hate crimes across the United States "were motivated by a sexual orientation bias."[12] Moreover, in a Southern Poverty Law Center 2010 Intelligence Report extrapolating data from FBI national hate crime statistics from 1995 to 2008, found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime."[13]
- ^ McCarty, J. "Teaching (hetero)sexuality: 1960s sexual education films in the United States". Queering the web: A practical, digital inquiry into the history of sexuality and gender. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (2007). Teaching for diversity and social justice. Routledge. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-1-135-92850-6.
Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia.
- ^ a b David, Tracy J. (2008). "Homophobia and media representations of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people". In Renzetti, Claire M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence. SAGE Publications. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-4522-6591-9.
In a culture of homophobia (an irrational fear of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender [GLBT] people), GLBT people often face a heightened risk of violence specific to their sexual identities.
- ^ a b Schuiling, Kerri Durnell; Likis, Frances E. (2011). Women's gynecologic health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-7637-5637-6.
Homophobia is an individual's irrational fear or hate of homosexual people. This may include bisexual or transgender persons, but sometimes the more distinct terms of biphobia or transphobia, respectively, are used.
- ^ *"homophobia". webster.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- "homophobia". Dictionary.com. 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe (Strasbourg Final ed.). 18 January 2006. "A" point.
- "homophobia, n.2". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. June 2012.
Fear or hatred of homosexuals and homosexuality.
- McCormack, Mark (23 May 2013). The declining significance of homophobia. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-999094-8.
- ^ Newport, Frank (3 April 2015). "Religion, same-sex relationships and politics in Indiana and Arkansas". Gallup. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ^ Meyer, Doug. Violence against queer people: Race, class, gender, and the persistence of anti-LGBT discrimination. Rutgers University Press.
- ^ Williamson, I. R. (1 February 2000). "Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men". Health Education Research. 15 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1093/her/15.1.97. ISSN 0268-1153. PMID 10788206.
- ^ Frost, David M.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2009). "Internalized homophobia and relationship quality among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 56 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1037/a0012844. PMC 2678796. PMID 20047016.
- ^ Clauss-Ehlers, Caroline S. (2010). Encyclopedia of cross-cultural school psychology (2 ed.). Springer. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-387-71798-2.
- ^ Spijkerboer, Thomas (2013). Fleeing homophobia: Sexual orientation, gender identity and asylum. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-134-09835-4.
Transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms. The tendency to translate violence against a trans person to homophobia reflects the role of gender in attribution of homosexuality as well as the fact that hostility connected to homosexuality is often associated with the perpetrators' prejudices about particular gender practices and their visibility.
- ^ "FBI releases 2010 hate crime statistics" (Press release). FBI National Press Office. 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ Potok, Mark; Smith, Janet (Winter 2010). "Anti-gay hate crimes: Doing the math". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2 January 2023.