Hundred Years' War

Hundred Years' War
Part of the Crisis of the late Middle Ages and the Anglo-French Wars
Clockwise, from top left: the Battle of La Rochelle, the Battle of Agincourt, the Battle of Patay, and Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans
Date 24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453 (intermittent)[a](116 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, the Iberian Peninsula Result French victory Territorial changes England loses all continental possessions except for the Pale of Calais.
Belligerents
Kingdom of France loyal to the House of Valois	Kingdom of England Kingdom of France loyal to the House of Plantagenet
Burgundian State (1337–1419; 1435–1453) Duchy of Brittany Crown of Castile Kingdom of Scotland Welsh rebels Crown of Aragon	Burgundian State (1419–1435) Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Duchy of Gascony
Commanders and leaders
Philip VI # John II  Charles V # Charles VI # Charles VII Louis, Dauphin Joan of Arc  Gilles de Rais Bertrand du Guesclin Philip the Bold John the Fearless Owain Glyndŵr Philip the Good Charles of Blois † David II  John Stewart † Henry of Trastámara John I	Edward III # Richard II X Henry IV # Henry V # Henry VI The Black Prince John of Gaunt Richard of York John of Lancaster Henry of Lancaster Jean III de Grailly  Thomas Montacute † John Talbot † John Fastolf Robert d'Artois Philip the Good John of Montfort

The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages. It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine and was triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces.

The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the Middle Ages. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of France, which was then the dominant kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European warfare. Chivalry, which reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. Stronger national identities took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as global powers.^[1]

The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a historiographical periodisation to encompass dynastically related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in European history.^[2][3] The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the House of Valois ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France. The French and English monarchies thereafter remained separate, despite the monarchs of England (later Britain) styling themselves as sovereigns of France until 1802.

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