Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság (Hungarian) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 March – 1 August 1919 | |||||||||
| Motto: Világ proletárjai, egyesüljetek! "Workers of the world, unite!" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Internacionálé[1] "The Internationale" | |||||||||
 Map of territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary, May–August 1919
Controlled by Romania in April 1919
Controlled by Soviet Hungary
Subsequently controlled by Hungary to establish the Slovak Soviet Republic
Controlled by French and Yugoslav forces
Borders of Hungary in 1918
Borders of Hungary in 1920 | |||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized rump state | ||||||||
| Capital | Budapest 47°29′00″N 19°02′00″E / 47.4833°N 19.0333°E | ||||||||
| Common languages | Hungarian | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Hungarian | ||||||||
| Government | Soviet socialist republic | ||||||||
| De facto leader | |||||||||
• 1919 | Béla Kun[nb 1] | ||||||||
| Chairman of the Central Executive Council | |||||||||
• 1919 | Sándor Garbai | ||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly of Soviets | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 21 March 1919 | ||||||||
• Provisional constitution | 23 March 1919 | ||||||||
• Soviet elections | 7-14 April 1919 | ||||||||
• National Assembly of Soviets convenes | 14 June 1919 | ||||||||
• Permanent constitution | 23 June 1919 | ||||||||
• Kun resigns | 1 August 1919 | ||||||||
• People's Republic restored | 2 August 1919 | ||||||||
| 3 August 1919 | |||||||||
| Currency | Hungarian korona | ||||||||
| |||||||||
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The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary[nb 2] (widely known in English sources as the Hungarian Soviet Republic[nb 3] due to an early mistranslation in the press) was a short-lived communist state[2] that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the First Hungarian Republic.[3] The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist rump state[4] which, at its time of establishment, controlled approximately only 23% of Hungary's historic territory. The head of government was Sándor Garbai, but the influence of the foreign minister Béla Kun of the Party of Communists in Hungary was much stronger. Unable to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente, which maintained an economic blockade of Hungary, in dispute with neighboring countries over territorial disputes, and beset by profound internal social changes, the Hungarian Soviet Republic failed in its objectives and was abolished a few months after its existence. Its main figure was the Communist Béla Kun,[3] despite the fact that in the first days the majority of the new government consisted of radical Social Democrats.[5] The new system effectively concentrated power in the governing councils, which exercised it in the name of the working class.[6][nb 4]
The new Communist government failed to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente that would lead to the lifting of the economic blockade, the improvement of the new borders or the recognition of the new government by the victorious powers of World War I.[7] A small volunteer army was organized mostly from Budapest factory workers and attempts were made to recover the territories lost to neighboring countries, an objective that had widespread support from many working class people in some larger cities, not only those favorable to the new regime.[8] Initially, thanks to patriotic support from conservative officers, the republican forces advanced against the Czechoslovaks in north Hungary,[9] after suffering a defeat in the east at the hands of the Romanian Army in late April, which led to a retreat on the banks of the Tisza.[10] In mid-June, the birth of the Slovak Soviet Republic was proclaimed, which lasted two weeks until a Hungarian withdrawal at the request of the Triple Entente.[9] Later that month, there was an attempted coup by the Social Democrats of Budapest, which was retaliated by the communist government. On 20 July, the republic launched a new attack on the Romanian posts who were deep in Hungary at the Tisza river.[11] After a few days of the Hungarian advance, the Romanians managed to stop the offensive[12] and break through the Hungarian lines. Kun and most of the government fled to Vienna. The Social-Democrat–Communist government was succeeded by an exclusively Social Democratic one on 1 August.[5][12] The communists left Budapest and went abroad.[12] Despite the opposition from the Entente, the Romanians entered Budapest, the Hungarian capital, on 4 August.[13]
The Hungarian heads of government applied controversial doctrinal measures in both foreign (internationalism instead of national interests during wartime) and domestic policy (planned economy and heightened class struggle) that made them lose the favor of the majority of the population.[14] The attempt of the new executive to profoundly change the lifestyle and the system of values of the population proved to be a resounding failure;[15] After the withdrawal from Slovakia, the application of some measures aimed at regaining popular support was ordered, but without great success;[16] in particular, the ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages was repealed, and attempts were made to improve the monetary situation and food supply.[16] Unable to apply these policies effectively, the republic had already lost the support of the majority of the population between June and July, which led, together with the military defeats, to its downfall.[16] The failure of internal reform was compounded by the political and economic isolation imposed on Hungary by the Triple Entente, the military failures against neighboring countries, and the impossibility of joining forces with the Red Army because of the ongoing Russian Civil War contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Republic.[17]
- ^ Angyal, Pál (1927). "A magyar büntetőjog kézikönyve IV. rész". A magyar büntetőjog kézikönyve. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Swanson 2017, p. 80.
- ^ a b Völgyes 1970, p. 58.
- ^ John C. Swanson (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780822981992. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b Balogh 1976, p. 15.
- ^ Janos 1981, p. 195.
- ^ Király & Pastor 1988, p. 34.
- ^ Bodo 2010, p. 703.
- ^ a b Király & Pastor 1988, p. 6.
- ^ Szilassy 1971, p. 37.
- ^ Király & Pastor 1988, p. 226.
- ^ a b c Janos 1981, p. 201.
- ^ Balogh 1975, p. 298; Király & Pastor 1988, p. 226.
- ^ Király & Pastor 1988, p. 4.
- ^ Völgyes 1971, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Király & Pastor 1988, p. 166.
- ^ Völgyes 1971, p. 88.
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