Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidase
Identifiers
EC no.3.2.1.35
CAS no.37326-33-3
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
Search
PMCarticles
PubMedarticles
NCBIproteins
Hyaluronidase
Identifiers
SymbolHyaluronidase_1
PfamPF07212
InterProIPR009860
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
Hyaluronidase
Identifiers
SymbolHyaluronidase_2
PfamPF07555
InterProIPR011496
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

Hyaluronidases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the degradation of hyaluronic acid. Karl Meyer classified these enzymes in 1971, into three distinct groups, a scheme based on the enzyme reaction products.[1] The three main types of hyaluronidases are two classes of eukaryotic endoglycosidase hydrolases and a prokaryotic lyase-type of glycosidase.[2]

In humans, there are five functional hyaluronidases: HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4 and HYAL5 (also known as SPAM1 or PH-20); plus a pseudogene, HYAL6 (also known as HYALP1).[3][4] The genes for HYAL1-3 are clustered in chromosome 3, while HYAL4-6 are clustered in chromosome 7.[3] HYAL1 and HYAL2 are the major hyaluronidases in most tissues. GPI-anchored HYAL2 is responsible for cleaving high-molecular weight hyaluronic acid, which is mostly bound to the CD44 receptor. The resulting hyaluronic acid fragments of variable size are then further hydrolyzed by HYAL1 after being internalized into endo-lysosomes; this generates hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides.[5]

Hyaluronidases are hyaluronoglucosidases (EC 3.2.1.35), i.e. they cleave the (1→4)-linkages between N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronate. The term hyaluronidase may also refer to hyaluronoglucuronidases (EC 3.2.1.36), which cleave (1→3)-linkages. In addition, bacterial hyaluronate lyases (EC 4.2.2.1) may also be referred to as hyaluronidases, although this is uncommon.[6]

  1. ^ Meyer K (1971). "Hyaluronidases". In Boyer PD (ed.). Enzymes. Vol. V. New York: Academic Press. pp. 307–320. ISBN 978-0-12-122705-0.
  2. ^ Stern R, Kogan G, Jedrzejas MJ, Soltés L (November 2007). "The many ways to cleave hyaluronan". Biotechnology Advances. 25 (6): 537–57. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.001. PMID 17716848.
  3. ^ a b Csóka AB, Scherer SW, Stern R (September 1999). "Expression analysis of six paralogous human hyaluronidase genes clustered on chromosomes 3p21 and 7q31". Genomics. 60 (3): 356–61. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5876. PMID 10493834.
  4. ^ Csoka AB, Frost GI, Stern R (December 2001). "The six hyaluronidase-like genes in the human and mouse genomes". Matrix Biology. 20 (8): 499–508. doi:10.1016/S0945-053X(01)00172-X. PMID 11731267.
  5. ^ Chanmee T, Ontong P, Itano N (May 2016). "Hyaluronan: A modulator of the tumor microenvironment". Cancer Letters. 375 (1): 20–30. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.031. PMID 26921785.
  6. ^ "Hyaluronidase". ENZYME. ExPASy. Retrieved 17 November 2016.