Hypospermia

-spermia,
Further information: Testicular infertility factors

Aspermia—lack of semen; anejaculation

Asthenozoospermia—sperm motility below lower reference limit

Azoospermia—absence of sperm in the ejaculate

Hyperspermia—semen volume above upper reference limit

Hypospermia—semen volume below lower reference limit

Oligospermia—total sperm count below lower reference limit

Necrospermia—absence of living sperm in the ejaculate

Teratospermia—fraction of normally formed sperm below lower reference limit

Hypospermia is a condition in which a man has an unusually low ejaculate (or semen) volume, less than 1.5 mL. It is the opposite of hyperspermia, which is a semen volume of more than 5.5 mL.^[1] It should not be confused with oligospermia, which means low sperm count. Normal ejaculate when a man is not drained from prior sex and is suitably aroused is around 1.5–6 mL, although this varies greatly with mood, physical condition, and sexual activity. Of this, around 1% by volume is sperm cells. The U.S.-based National Institutes of Health defines hypospermia as a semen volume lower than 2 mL on at least two semen analyses.^[2]

The presence of high levels of fructose (a sugar) is normal in the semen and originates almost entirely from the seminal vesicles. The seminal vesicles, which are major contributors to ejaculate volume, render semen viscous with a pH of 7.2–7.8.^[1] An acidic seminal pH (pH < 7.2) suggests damage to the seminal vesicles and an alkaline seminal pH (pH > 8) suggests prostatic involvement.^[2] In addition, low fructose may indicate problems in the prostate, while low semen pH may indicate problems related to the [seminal vesicles]. Obstruction of the seminal vesicles results in low semen volumes since they normally produce 70% of the seminal plasma.

^ ^a ^b Shaw, Wilfred (2015). Shaw's textbook of gynaecology. Wilfred Shaw, V. Padubidri, Shirish Daftary, John Howkins, Gordon Bourne (16th ed.). New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-312-3872-1. OCLC 904687532.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Robin G, Marcelli F, Mitchell V, Marchetti C, Lemaitre L, Dewailly D, Leroy-Billiard M, Rigot JM (2008). "[Why and how to assess hypospermia?]". Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 36 (10): 1035–42. doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.04.021. PMID 18801689.

[:3-1] Shaw, Wilfred (2015). Shaw's textbook of gynaecology. Wilfred Shaw, V. Padubidri, Shirish Daftary, John Howkins, Gordon Bourne (16th ed.). New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-312-3872-1. OCLC 904687532.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[zero-2] Robin G, Marcelli F, Mitchell V, Marchetti C, Lemaitre L, Dewailly D, Leroy-Billiard M, Rigot JM (2008). "[Why and how to assess hypospermia?]". Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 36 (10): 1035–42. doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.04.021. PMID 18801689.

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