Ice road

For the 2021 film, see The Ice Road.

Ice road on Lake Saimaa in Finland
Ice road between Oulunsalo and Hailuoto. This is the longest ice road in Finland.
Truck on the former winter road between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk
Ice road, Sainte-Anne River, Quebec, Canada

An ice road or ice bridge[1][2][3][4] is a human-made structure that runs on a frozen water surface (a river, a lake or a sea water expanse).[5][6][7] Ice roads are typically part of a winter road, but they can also be simple stand-alone structures, connecting two shorelines.[8][9] Ice roads may be planned, built and maintained so as to remain safe and effective, and a number of guidelines have been published with information in these regards.[1][4][10][11] An ice road may be constructed year after year, for instance to service community needs during the winter.[4][12] It could also be for a single year or two, so as to supply particular operations, such as a hydroelectric project[13] or offshore drill sites.[14]

  1. ^ a b CRREL, 2006, Ice Engineering Manual. EM 1110-2-1612. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. New Jersey, 475 pp.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Proskin&al was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference IHSA2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Government of the NWT, 2015, Guidelines for safe ice construction. Department of Transportation. Yellowknife, Canada, 44 pp.
  5. ^ Masterson, D. and Løset, S., 2011, ISO 19906: Bearing capacity of ice and ice roads, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Montreal, Canada.
  6. ^ Proskin, S.A. and Fitzgerald, A., 2019, Using a limit states approach for ice road design, GeoSt.John's, St. John's.
  7. ^ Spencer, P. and Wang, R., 2018, The design width of floating ice roads and effect of longitudinal cracks, Proceedings of the Arctic Technology Conference (ATC), Houston.
  8. ^ Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974, Ice bridges of the James Bay Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11, pp. 599–619.
  9. ^ Goff, R.D. and Masterson, D.M., 1986, Construction of a sprayed ice island for exploration, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Tokyo, pp. 105–112.
  10. ^ Fransson, L., 2009, Ice Handbook for Engineers. Luleå Tekniska Universitet.
  11. ^ Barrette, P.D., 2015, Overview of ice roads in Canada: Design, usage and climate change adaptation. OCRE-TR-2015-011. National Research Council of Canada, https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=5984226f-bee8-48fe-a138-5a23c800f435. Ottawa, 51 pp.
  12. ^ Government of Saskatchewan, 2010, Winter roads handbook. Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure, Regina.
  13. ^ Michel, B., Drouin, M., Lefebvre, L.M., Rosenberg, P. and Murray, R., 1974. Ice bridges in the James Project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11: 599–619.
  14. ^ Finucane, R.G. and Scher, R.L., 1983, Floating ice road construction. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 105(1), pp. 26–29.