In-circuit testing

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In-circuit testing (ICT) is an example of white box testing where an electrical probe tests a populated printed circuit board (PCB), checking for shorts, opens, resistance, capacitance, and other basic quantities which will show whether the assembly was correctly fabricated.^[1] It may be performed with a "bed of nails" test fixture and specialist test equipment, or with a fixtureless in-circuit test setup. In-Circuit Test (ICT) is a widely used and cost-efficient^[2] method for testing medium to high volume electronic printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs). It has maintained its popularity over the years due to its ability to diagnose component-level faults and its operational speed.