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An independent power producer (IPP) or non-utility generator (NUG) is an entity[1] that is not a public utility but owns facilities to generate electric power for sale to utilities and end users.[2] NUGs may be privately held facilities, corporations, cooperatives such as rural solar or wind energy producers, and non-energy industrial concerns capable of feeding excess energy into the system.[3]
An independent water and power producer (IWPP) is similar to an IPP, but with a unified process to also output usable treated water.[4]