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Independente University (in Portuguese Universidade Independente or UnI for short) was a private university, headquartered in Lisbon, Portugal, founded in 1993 by Luís Arouca, Rui Verde and Amadeu Lima Carvalho; it was owned by SIDES (Sociedade Independente Para O Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior). UnI was closed by order of the state education authorities in 2007, due to pedagogical and financial irregularities.[1]