Indira Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1983 | |
| 3rd Prime Minister of India | |
| In office 14 January 1980 – 31 October 1984 | |
| President | N. Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh |
| Preceded by | Charan Singh |
| Succeeded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
| In office 24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977 | |
| President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain V. V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B. D. Jatti (Acting) |
| Deputy | Morarji Desai (13 March 1967 – 16 July 1969) |
| Preceded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
| Succeeded by | Morarji Desai |
| Union Minister of External Affairs | |
| In office 9 March 1984 – 31 October 1984 | |
| Preceded by | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| Succeeded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
| In office 22 August 1967 – 14 March 1969 | |
| Preceded by | M. C. Chagla |
| Succeeded by | Dinesh Singh |
| Union Minister of Defence | |
| In office 14 January 1980 – 15 January 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Chidambaram Subramaniam |
| Succeeded by | R. Venkataraman |
| In office 30 November 1975 – 20 December 1975 | |
| Preceded by | Swaran Singh |
| Succeeded by | Bansi Lal |
| Union Minister of Home Affairs | |
| In office 27 June 1970 – 4 February 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Succeeded by | Uma Shankar Dikshit |
| Union Minister of Finance | |
| In office 17 July 1969 – 27 June 1970 | |
| Preceded by | Morarji Desai |
| Succeeded by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting | |
| In office 9 June 1964 – 24 January 1966 | |
| Prime Minister | Lal Bahadur Shastri |
| Preceded by | Satya Narayan Sinha |
| Succeeded by | Kodardas Kalidas Shah |
| President of the Indian National Congress | |
| In office 1959 | |
| Preceded by | U. N. Dhebar |
| Succeeded by | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy |
| President of the Indian National Congress (I) | |
| In office 1978–1984 | |
| Preceded by | Devakanta Barua (as INC (R)) |
| Succeeded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| In office 1980–1984 | |
| Preceded by | Mallikarjun Mudiraj |
| Succeeded by | P. Manik Reddy |
| Constituency | Medak, Andhra Pradesh |
| In office 1978–1980 | |
| Constituency | Chikmagalur, Karnataka |
| In office 1967–1977 | |
| Constituency | Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| In office 1964–1967 | |
| Constituency | Uttar Pradesh |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Indira Nehru 19 November 1917 Allahabad, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 31 October 1984 (aged 66) New Delhi, Delhi, India |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
Monuments | |
| Political party |
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| Spouse | |
| Children | Rajiv Gandhi (son) Sanjay Gandhi (son) |
| Parents |
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| Relatives | See Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Education | Visva-Bharati University (dropped out)[1] Somerville College, Oxford (dropped out)[1] |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Awards | See section |
| Signature |  |
| Nicknames | See list |
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|---|---|---|
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1966–1977 1980–1984
Legislation
Treaties and accords
Missions and projects
Controversies
Riots and attacks
Constitutional amendments
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Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: [ˈɪndɪɾɑː ˈɡɑːndʱi] ; née Indira Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and stateswoman who served as the Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984. She was India's first and, to date, only female prime minister, and a central figure in Indian politics as the leader of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, and the mother of Rajiv Gandhi, who succeeded her in office as the country's sixth prime minister. Gandhi's cumulative tenure of 15 years and 350 days makes her the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father. Henry Kissinger described her as an "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her tough personality.
During Nehru's premiership from 1947 to 1964, Gandhi was his hostess and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. In 1959, she played a part in the dissolution of the communist-led Kerala state government as then-president of the Indian National Congress, otherwise a ceremonial position to which she was elected earlier that year. Lal Bahadur Shastri, who had succeeded Nehru as prime minister upon his death in 1964, appointed her minister of information and broadcasting in his government; the same year she was elected to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. After Shastri's sudden death in January 1966, Gandhi defeated her rival, Morarji Desai, in the INC's parliamentary leadership election to become leader and also succeeded Shastri as prime minister. She led the Congress to victory in two subsequent elections, starting with the 1967 general election, in which she was first elected to the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha. In 1971, her party secured its first landslide victory since her father's sweep in 1962, focusing on issues such as poverty. But following the nationwide state of emergency she implemented, she faced massive anti-incumbency sentiment causing the INC to lose the 1977 election, the first time in the history of India to happen so. She even lost her own parliamentary constituency. However, due to her portrayal as a strong leader and the weak governance of the Janata Party, her party won the next election by landslide with her return to the premiership.
As prime minister, Gandhi was known for her uncompromising political stances and centralization of power within the executive branch. In 1967, she headed a military conflict with China in which India repelled Chinese incursions into the Himalayas.[2] In 1971, she went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the independence of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the sole regional power in South Asia.[3] She played a crucial role in initiating India's first successful nuclear weapon test in 1974. Her rule saw India grow closer to the Soviet Union by signing a friendship treaty in 1971, with India receiving military, financial, and diplomatic support from the Soviet Union during its conflict with Pakistan in the same year.[4] Though India was at the forefront of the non-aligned movement, Gandhi made it one of the Soviet Union's closest allies in Asia, each often supporting the other in proxy wars and at the United Nations.[5] Responding to separatist tendencies and a call for revolution, she instituted a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977, during which she ruled by decree and basic civil liberties were suspended.[6] More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned.[6] She faced the growing Sikh separatism movement throughout her fourth premiership; in response, she ordered Operation Blue Star, which involved military action in the Golden Temple and killed hundreds of Sikhs. On 31 October 1984, she was assassinated by two of her bodyguards, both of whom were Sikh nationalists seeking retribution for the events at the temple.
Gandhi is remembered as the most powerful woman in the world during her tenure.[7][8][9] Her supporters cite her leadership during victories over geopolitical rivals China and Pakistan, the Green Revolution, a growing economy in the early 1980s, and her anti-poverty campaign that led her to be known as "Mother Indira" (a pun on Mother India) among the country's poor and rural classes. Critics note her cult of personality and authoritarian rule of India during the Emergency. In 1999, she was named "Woman of the Millennium" in an online poll organized by the BBC.[10] In 2020, she was named by Time magazine among the 100 women who defined the past century as counterparts to the magazine's previous choices for Man of the Year.[11]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
degreewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Brahma Chellaney (2006). Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan. HarperCollins. p. 195. ISBN 9788172236502.
Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces.
- ^ Jacobsen, K.A. (2023). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-000-98423-1.
India emerged as the predominant regional power in South Asia after the successful vivisection of Pakistan in 1971
- ^ Shrivastava, Sanskar (30 October 2011). "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain". The World Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ Mehrotra, Santosh K., ed. (1991), "Bilateral trade", India and the Soviet Union: Trade and Technology Transfer, Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161–206, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511559884.010, ISBN 978-0-521-36202-3, archived from the original on 18 June 2018, retrieved 29 March 2023
- ^ a b Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2024), "The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective", When Democracy Breaks, Oxford University Press, pp. 221–236, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008, ISBN 978-0-19-776078-9
- ^ Khorana, M. (1991). The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books. Bibliographies and indexes in world literature. Greenwood Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-313-25489-5. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ Hampton, W.H.; Burnham, V.S.; Smith, J.C. (2003). The Two-Edged Sword: A Study of the Paranoid Personality in Action. Sunstone Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-86534-147-0. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ Steinberg, B.S. (2008). Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. Arts Insights Series. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7735-7502-8. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
BBCPOLLwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year'". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.