Integrated ticketing enables a journey involving transfers within or between different modes of transportation using a single ticket that is valid for the entire journey.[1] These modes include buses, trains, subways, and ferries, among others. The purpose of integrated ticketing is to promote public transport use by simplifying transitions between different modes and improving service efficiency.
In many instances, integrated ticketing is facilitated through electronic ticketing technologies such as magnetic stripe cards, smart cards or contactless smart card. Some smart card systems, such as Hong Kong’s Octopus card, are also used for payments beyond transportation, including goods and services.[2] While electronic methods are prevalent, certain public transport systems still utilize paper tickets, which permit transfers within a specified area or, in some cases, allow unlimited travel during designated periods, as seen with the Transperth FamilyRider in Australia.
Countries such as Switzerland have established national integrated ticketing systems that extend beyond transportation to include access to leisure destinations, museums, and other services.[3] Other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Sweden, have implemented similar systems within major cities and metropolitan areas.
The successful implementation of integrated ticketing requires extensive coordination and cooperation among public transport providers and technology suppliers. Political, technological, and project management challenges have contributed to significant delays in some projects. For example, the system in Sydney required a restart,[4] and in Dublin, the project faced substantial delays after its initiation in 2002, with the TFI Leap Card system launching in December 2011.[5] Similarly, the process of replacing magnetic stripe cards with smart cards in Stockholm took several years, nearing completion after a project initiated in 2002.[6]